EDITORS’ NOTE, v

ARTICLES

Between Candor and Concealment: Willa Cather and (Auto)Biography
Janis P. Stout, 467

Willa Cather’s noted convictions about privacy existed in tension with her more recently understood engagement in self-publicity. This tension is mirrored in her ambivalent thinking about the genres of biography and autobiography. The two genres became a deeply conflicted site for her, and one that often produced self-contradictions. Although Cather took steps to preserve her privacy late in life, she also manifested impulses toward self-writing.

Biographers’ Bereavement and Other Factors in Inadvertent Deathbed Distortions: The Biography Deaths of Proust and Freud
Roy Lacoursiere, 493

Examining the biographees’ deaths in Proust and Freud biographies reveals inadvertent loss of the biographers’ scholarly standards in this deathbed context. Information about the biographers themselves discloses factors contributing to this phenomenon, including bereavement as the biography is terminating,
authors’ experiences with family deaths, and sanctioning a particular ending for the biographee.

REVIEWS

The Death of Captain Cook: A Hero Made and Unmade, by Glyn Williams
Reviewed by Gananath Obeyesekere, 512

Flesh Made Word: Saints’ Stories and the Western Imagination, by Aviad Kleinberg
Reviewed by Virginia Burrus, 516

Theorizing the Ideal Sovereign: The Rise of the French Vernacular Royal Biography, by Daisy Delogu
Reviewed by Gabrielle M. Spiegel, 519

Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Persona, edited by Barbara F. Weissberger
Reviewed by Benito Quintana, 524

Indian Captivity in Spanish America: Frontier Narratives, by Fernando Operé
Reviewed by Susan M. Socolow, 528

Picturing Indians: Photographic Encounters and Tourist Fantasies in H. H. Bennett’s Wisconsin Dells, by Steven D. Hoelscher
Reviewed by Kathleen Tigerman, 531

Visualizing the Holocaust: Documents, Aesthetics, Memory, edited by David Bathrick, Brad Prager, and Michael D. Richardson
Reviewed by Ellen G. Friedman, 534

Seeing Witness: Visuality and the Ethics of Testimony, by Jane Blocker
Reviewed by Dora Apel, 538

Stories and Portraits of the Self, edited by Helena Carvalhão Buescu and João Ferreira Duarte
Reviewed by Deborah Reed-Danahay, 542

Intimate Ephemera: Reading Young Lives in Australian Zine Culture, by Anna Poletti
Reviewed by John Zuern, 544

Jackie Ormes: The First African American Woman Cartoonist, by Nancy Goldstein
Reviewed by E. Frances White, 548

Class Definitions: On the Lives and Writings of Maxine Hong Kingston, Sandra Cisneros, and Dorothy Allison, by Michelle M. Tokarczyk
Reviewed by Sarah Eden Schiff, 550

The Letters of Allen Ginsberg, by Allen Ginsberg and Bill Morgan
Reviewed by Ann K. Hoff, 553

Anne Sexton: Teacher of Weird Abundance, by Paula M. Savio
Reviewed by Jo Gill, 557

Writing the Lost Generation: Expatriate Autobiography and American Modernism, by Craig Monk
Reviewed by Linda Patterson Miller, 559

Biographies and Autobiographies in Modern Italy, edited by Peter Hainsworth and Martin McLaughlin
Reviewed by Risa Sodi, 562

The Precious Raft of History: The Past, the West, and the Woman Question in China, by Joan Judge
Reviewed by Ming-Bao Yue, 566

A Russian Merchant’s Tale: The Life and Adventures of Ivan Alekseevich Tolchënov, by David L. Ransel
Reviewed by Lina Bernstein, 569

REVIEWED ELSEWHERE, 573
Excerpts from recent reviews of biographies, autobiographies, and other works of interest

CONTRIBUTORS, 640

FEATURES

Sung-sheng Yvonne Chang, Literary Culture in Taiwan: Martial Law to Market Law
Reviewed by Christopher Lupke, 315

Melvyn C. Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, Volume 2. The Calm Before the Storm 1951–1955; Hsiao-ting Lin, Tibet and Nationalistic China’s Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–1949
Reviewed by A. Tom Grunfeld, 325

Xiaoxi Li, editor, Assessing the Extent of China’s Marketization; Shuanglin Lin and Shunfeng Song, editors, The Revival of Private Enterprise in China; Keming Yang, Entrepreneurship in China
Reviewed by Kun-Chin Lin, 330

Daniel A. Bell, China’s New Confucianism: Politics and Everyday Life in a Changing Society; K. K. Yeo, Musing with Confucius and Paul: Toward a Chinese Christian Theology
Reviewed by Franklin J. Woo, 349

REVIEWS

Liam Matthew Brockey, Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724
Reviewed by Franklin J. Woo, 363

Cynthia J. Brokaw, Commerce in Culture: The Sibao Book Trade in the Qing and Republican Periods
Reviewed by David D. Buck, 371

Michael G. Chang, A Court on Horseback: Imperial Touring and Construction of Qing Rule, 1680–1785
Reviewed by Mi-ryung Song, 375

Johan Elverskog, Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China
Reviewed by Peter C. Perdue, 379

Mun S. Ho and Chris P. Nielsen, editors, Clearing the Air: The Health and Economic Damages of Air Pollution in China
Reviewed by Haidong Kan, 383

Jae Ho Chung, Between Ally and Partner: Korea-China Relations and the United States
Reviewed by Jungmin Seo, 386

Tubten Khétsun. Matthew Akester, translator. Memories of Life in Lhasa Under Chinese Rule
Reviewed by Kate Zhou and Charles Bahmueller, 390

Nick Knight, Rethinking Mao: Explorations in Mao Zedong’s Thought
Reviewed by John A. Rapp, 392

Hongyi Lai, Reform and the Non-State Economy in China: The Political Economy of Liberalization Strategies
Reviewed by Peter Yang, 397

Lilian M. Li, Alison J. Dray-Novey, and Haili Kong, Beijing: From Imperial Capital to Olympic City
Reviewed by Jeffrey F. Meyer, 400

Roman Malek, editor, The Chinese Face of Jesus Christ. Volume 3B (companion volume)
Reviewed by Patrick Fuliang Shan, 404

Tracy Miller, The Divine Nature of Power: Chinese Ritual Architecture at the Sacred Site of Jinci
Reviewed by Shuishan Yu, 407

Jane Portal, editor, The First Emperor: China’s Terracotta Army; John Man, The Terracotta Army: China’s First Emperor and the Birth of a Nation; Frances Wood, The First Emperor of China
Reviewed by Robert L. Thorp, 411

Volker Scheid, Chinese Medicine in Contemporary China: Plurality and Synthesis
Reviewed by Nathan Sivin, 417

Meir Shahar, The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts
Reviewed by Stanley E. Henning, 423

Nicolas Standaert, An Illustrated Life of Christ Presented to the Chinese Emperor: The History of Jincheng shuxiang (1640)
Reviewed by Claudia von Collani, 431

Yafeng Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy: U.S.-China Talks During the Cold War, 1949–1972
Reviewed by Charles W. Hayford, 435

Catherine V. Yeh, Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals, and Entertainment Culture, 1850–1910
Reviewed by Harriet Zurndorfer, 438

Ying Ruocheng and Claire Conceison, Voices Carry: Behind Bars and Backstage during China’s Revolution and Reform
Reviewed by Susan Chan Egan, 442

Guangqiu Xu, Congress and the U.S.-China Relationship, 1949–1979
Reviewed by Patrick Fuliang Shan, 446

Xiantao Zhang, The Origins of the Modern Chinese Press: The Influence of the Protestant Missionary Press in Late Qing China
Reviewed by Christopher A. Reed, 449

WORKS RECEIVED

454

ARTICLES

Buddhist ‘Foundationalism’ and the Phenomenology of Perception
Christian Coseru, 409

This essay, which draws on a set of interrelated issues in the phenomenology of perception, calls into question the assumption that Buddhist philosophers of the Dignāga-Dharmakīrti tradition pursue a kind of epistemic foundationalism. It is argued that the embodied-cognition paradigm, which informs recent efforts within the Western philosophical tradition to overcome the Cartesian legacy, can also be found—albeit in a modified form—in the Buddhist epistemological tradition. In seeking to ground epistemology in the phenomenology of cognition, the Buddhist epistemologist, it is claimed, is operating on principles similar to those found in Husserl’s phenomenological tradition.

Optimal States and Self-defeating Plans: The Problem of Intentionality in Early Chinese Self-cultivation
Romain Graziani, 440

Whereas Western moral philosophy has mainly accounted for recurrent failed or irrational actions through the concept of weakness of will, many early Chinese texts on self-cultivation, notably the Zhuangzi, stand for a philosophical position that explains our frustrations and failures as an “excess of the will.” Leaving aside external factors such as accidents or mistakes, this essay explores the sources of thwarted plans and frustrated expectations that are due to factors internal to the individual—more precisely, to the nature of intentional conscience. Such a view was generally inadmissible in Western moral philosophy, which revolves around the paradigm of a causal agent endowed with a ‘muscular ethics’ for which all that is desired, and indeed all that is achieved, may only be a direct effect of the will. In striking contrast to this orientation, the Zhuangzi presents a variety of situations in which things do not happen as planned because we were too aware of the plan that guided us. Here, I will use Jon Elster’s concept of by-product states in order to explore this contrast between two contending models of action that, far from being culturally rooted, express an inner criticism in both traditions, European and Chinese.

The Structure of Emptiness
Graham Priest, 467

The view that everything is empty (śūnya) is a central metaphysical plank of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It has often been the focus of objections. Perhaps the most important of these is that it in effect entails a nihilism: nothing exists. This objection, in turn, is denied by Mahāyāna theorists, such as Nāgārjuna. One of the things that makes the debate difficult is that the precise import of the view that everything is empty is unclear. The object of this essay is to put the debate in a new light. It does so by proposing a mathematical characterization of Emptiness—that is, the totality of empty things—showing that, whatever it is, it has a definite structure and is not, therefore, to be identified with nothingness.

How to Rule without Taking Unnatural Actions (无为而治): A Comparative Study of the Political Philosophy of the Laozi
Tongdong Bai, 481

In this essay, the understanding of naturalness and of ruling without taking unnatural actions in the Laozi will be clarified and elaborated on, and it will be argued that the Laozi offers a theoretically adequate and realistic proposal to address both the problems of its times and some of the problems of modernity.

“Ascending the Hall”: Style and Moral Improvement in the Analects
Amy Olberding, 503

The moral vision of the Analects notably includes among our moral responsibilities the need to style behavior such that the propriety of one’s dispositions is evident in one’s manner and demeanor. While the sage effortlessly fulfills this responsibility, the moral learner must actively strive to shape her demeanor and manner. This essay considers her resources for doing so where becoming effortlessly sagely is a distant, if not unreachable, possibility. While the Analects clearly proffers the li as the principal mechanism for developing an appropriate style, the models provided by Zigong and Zilu, two of the text’s most vividly depicted moral learners, demonstrate what an improvement in the domain of style requires and significantly indicate an account of moral style in which formal propriety must be vouchsafed by the personally revelatory.

COMMENT AND DISCUSSION

Beyond Liberal Democracy: A Debate on Democracy and Confucian Meritocracy, a review of Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context, by Daniel A. Bell, 523

Exiting Liberal Democracy: Bell and Confucian Thought
Fred Dallmayr, 524

Where Does Confucian Virtuous Leadership Stand?
Chenyang Li, 531

Beyond Elitism: A Community Ideal for a Modern East Asia
Sor-hoon Tan, 537

Toward Meritocratic Rule in China? A Response to Professors Dallmayr, Li, and Tan
Daniel A. Bell, 554

BOOK REVIEWS

Is Scientific Knowledge Rational? by Halil Rahman Açar
Reviewed by Clint Jones, 561

On Justice: An Essay in Jewish Philosophy, by Lenn E. Goodman
Reviewed by Bernard S. Jackson, 562

Indian Philosophy and Philosophy of Science, by Sundar Sarukkai
Reviewed by John N. Crossley, 565

Ogyū Sorai’s Philosophical Masterworks: The Bendō and Benmei, by John A. Tucker
Reviewed by Samuel Yamashita, 567

Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana, by Soonil Hwang
Reviewed by Warren Todd, 571

BOOKS RECEIVED
574

INDEX
576

The final missing issues of Pacific Science vols. 1 (1947) through 54 (2000) have now been added to the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Library’s ScholarSpace digital repository, which is available by open access. Most of the content is still under UH Press copyright, but can now be much more easily searched, cited, and linked to than ever before, thanks to a cooperative project of the UH Library and the UH Press that began in 2008.

EDITORIAL by Mahinda Deegalle, v

ARTICLES

Is Buddhism Indispensable in the Cross-Cultural Appropriation of Christianity in Burma?
La Seng Dingrin, 3

Timothy Richard’s Buddhist-Christian Studies
Lai Pan-Chiu, 23

Catholic Discernment with a View of Buddhist Internal Clarity
Rafael Luévano, 39

Panel on Cognitive Science, Religious Practices, and Human Development Empathy, Intimacy, Attention, and Meditation: An Introduction
Sandra Costen Kunz, 55

Cognitive Error and Contemplative Practices: The Cultivation of Discernment in Mind and Heart
Wesley J. Wildman, 61

“Your Cell Will Teach You Everything”: Old Wisdom, Modern Science and the Art of Attention
Noreen Herzfeld, 83

Who Hears? A Zen Buddhist Perspective
Robert Aitken, 89

PANEL ON IPPOLITO DESIDERI (1684–1733)

Buddhist-Christian Dialogue in Ippolito Desideri
Trent Pomplun, 97

Desideri’s Understanding of Emptiness
Enzo Gualtiero Bargiacchi, 101

The Holy Trinity in Desideri’s Ke ri se ste aṇ kyi chos lugs kyi snying po
Trent Pomplun, 107

The Devil’s Stratagem or Human Fraud: Ippolito Desideri on the Reincarnate Succession of the Dalai Lama
Michael J. Sweet, 131

NEWS AND VIEWS edited by Peter A. Huff

The 2008 Meeting of the Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies
Peter A. Huff, 143

Ch’an/Zen-Catholic Dialogue Spreads a “Welcome Table” at the 2009 Annual Meeting
Francis V. Tiso, 145

The Japan Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies: A Report on the 2008 Annual Meeting
Terao Kazuyoshi, 147

BOOK REVIEWS edited by Alice A. Keefe

James L. Fredericks on Ruben Habito, Healing Breath: Zen for Christians and Buddhists in a Wounded World, 153

Kristin Beise Kiblinger on Amos Yong, Hospitality and the Other: Pentecost, Christian Practices, and the Neighbor, 156

Brian Karafin on Melvin Mcleod, ed., Mindful Politics: A Buddhist Guide to Making the World a Better Place, 160

Amos Yong on Vic Mansfield, Tibetan Buddhism and Modern Physics: Toward a Union of Love and Knowledge, 163

Eric Ranstrom on John Borelli and Michael Fitzgerald, Interfaith Dialogue: A Catholic View, 166

Douglas K. Mikkelson on Taigen Dan Leighton, Visions of Awakening Space and Time: Dōgen and the Lotus Sutra, 168

Robert Cummings Neville on John J. Thatamanil, The Immanent Divine: God, Creation, and the Human Predicament: An East-West Conversation, 171

ERRATA, 177

MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION GUIDELINES FOR PROSPECTIVE AUTHORS, 179

Guest editors: Scott M. Fitzpatrick and Michiko Intoh

Introduction: Archaeology and Historical Ecology in the Pacific Basin
Scott M. Fitzpatrick and Michiko Intoh, 463-464

On the Rat Trail in Near Oceania: Applying the Commensal Model to the Question of the Lapita Colonization
E. Matisoo-Smith, M. Hingston, G. Summerhayes, J. Robins, H. A. Ross, and M. Hendy, 465-475

Presented here are the most recent results of our studies of Rattus exulans, one of the main commensal animals transported across the Pacific by Lapita peoples and their descendants. We sampled several locations in Near Oceania to determine distribution of R. exulans mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes in the region. We also obtained data regarding distribution of other introduced Rattus species to several islands in the Bismarck Archipelago. Our results suggest that there were multiple introductions of R. exulans to the region, which may suggest a more complex history for Lapita populations in Near Oceania.

Dynamics of Polynesian Subsistence: Insights from Archaeofauna and Stable Isotope Studies, Aitutaki, Southern Cook Islands
Melinda S. Allen and Jacqueline A. Craig, 477-506

Human colonists of Remote Oceania readily took advantage of the naive virgin fauna encountered on previously uninhabited islands, a bounty that was quickly depleted. Subsequent developments in Polynesian subsistence economies were more subtle, varied, and complex. These features are illustrated in a comparison of two quite different subsistence archives from the postcolonization period: archaeofaunal assemblages and stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) records of humans, pigs, and dogs from the same archaeological contexts. The samples come from four stratified sites, with a total of 22 distinct occupational strata that represent a 600-year period on the small (18.4 km²) almost-atoll of Aitutaki in the southern Cook Islands. Benefits and challenges of integrating these quite different records are considered in the context of specific findings, with implications for subsistence studies elsewhere. In particular, differences in formation processes, taxonomic resolution, and contrasting spatial and temporal scales represented by each record are highlighted. A complex, multiscalar picture of subsistence change emerges, showing variability within and across the three species and the two subsistence archives. Findings support prior interpretations that established (not colonial) settlements are represented by the currently known Aitutaki archaeological record. Within the relatively stable and largely anthropogenic food web, humans occupy a central position throughout the sequence. Through time, a reduction in fishing and decreased consumption of marine carnivores is indicated; these changes are likely to be an outcome of both repeated storm events and considerable shoreline disruption in the fourteenth century A.D., and cultural decisions about the relative costs and benefits of various fishing activities vis-à-vis other subsistence needs. An apparent reduction in variability of pig diets in late prehistory could reflect interspecific competition between pigs and their human managers, although small sample sizes constrain interpretations. Overall, use of two quite different subsistence archives provides a more robust, but also more complex, view of subsistence change across individuals and communities on Aitutaki.

Volcanism and Historical Ecology on the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea
Robin Torrence, Vince Neall, and W. E. Boyd, 507-535

The role of natural disasters has been largely overlooked in studies of South Pacific historical ecology. To highlight the importance of rapid-onset natural hazards, we focus on the contributions of volcanism in shaping landscape histories. Results of long-term research in the Willaumez Peninsula on New Britain in Papua New Guinea illustrate the wide range and complexity of potential relationships between volcanic activity and human responses. Despite frequent severe volcanic impacts, human groups have responded creatively to these challenges and over time may have developed particular strategies that coped with the demands of repeated refuging and recolonization.

Archaeological Investigation of the Landscape History of an Oceanic Atoll: Majuro, Marshall Islands
Toru Yamaguchi, Hajime Kayanne, and Hiroya Yamano, 537-565

Historical ecology has provided the field of geoarchaeology in Oceania with the concept of an island landscape as a historical product, invented from the dynamic interactions between natural processes and human agency. Since Davidson’s work in Nukuoro (1971) and Dye’s introduction to the prehistory of Majuro in the Marshall Islands (1987), systematic excavations of atoll islets have also been based on this tenet. Following this concept, this study presents a geoarchaeological examination of the long-term history of the pit-agricultural landscape in Laura Islet of Majuro Atoll, which now consists of 195 pits showing remarkable undulation and anthropogenic vegetation on their spoil banks. Our excavations, conducted since 2003, have revealed that human habitation on Laura began as early as 2,000 years ago, soon after the emergence of the core islet, which probably followed a relative drop in sea level in the late Holocene. Some centuries later, the inhabitants started excavating agricultural pits for the cultivation of wet taro, probably Cyrtosperma spp. The subsequent sea-level decline would have enlarged the foraminiferal sediment; the islet then extended its landform both oceanward and lagoonward as well as along the longitudinal axis stretching north to south. The land accretion caused its inhabitants to increasingly extend their activity space and readjust areas for habitation. It would also have enlarged the volume of the freshwater lens, prompting additional construction of agricultural pits even in the area just behind the lagoonside beach ridge. Most of the current landscape was formed by around 1,000 years ago at the latest. Geoarchaeological synthesis of Pacific atolls will enable the precise elucidation of local chronological relationships between land accretion and expansion of human activities.

Historical Ecology in Kiribati: Linking Past with Present
Frank R. Thomas, 567-600

Compared with “high” islands, atolls and table reefs have received little attention from archaeologists focusing on historical ecology in Oceania. Limited archaeological investigations in the three archipelagoes composing the Republic of Kiribati (Gilbert, Phoenix, and Line Groups) reflect primarily culture historical reconstructions. Given the unique environmental challenges posed by coral islands, their potential for prehistoric ecological research should be recognized. By contrast, the last 50 years have witnessed a host of environmental studies, from agricultural improvements to sea-level rise and contemporary human impact on terrestrial and marine resources. In an attempt to better understand the influence of natural and human-induced processes in the more distant past, this paper explores several themes of relevance to coral islands in general. These include (1) natural and anthropogenic change on geomorphology and ecosystems, (2) anthropogenic impacts on faunal resources, (3) environmental evidence for human colonization, (4) interisland exchange networks and population mobility, and (5) social evolution.

Revisiting Rapa Nui (Easter Island) “Ecocide”
Terry L. Hunt and Carl P. Lipo, 601-616

Easter Island (Rapa Nui) has become widely known as a case of “ecocide,” where the ancient Polynesians recklessly destroyed their environment and, as a consequence, suffered collapse. In recent publications, both popular and academic, scholars have promoted this perspective, drawing upon archaeological evidence and offering Rapa Nui as a parable for our current global crisis. In this paper we address recent claims and outline emerging archaeological and paleoenvironmental evidence. We consider chronology, causes and consequences of deforestation, agricultural strategies, statue transport, and the evidence for ancient population size and its demise. Although deforestation and ecological catastrophe certainly unfolded over the course of the island’s prehistory, the ensuing demographic and cultural collapse followed European contact and resulted from the devastating effects of disease and slave trading. Deforestation and contact-induced demographic collapse were separated in time and causation. Finally, we offer alternative perspectives emerging from a variety of recent research.

A Long-term Perspective on Biodiversity and Marine Resource Exploitation in Fiji’s Lau Group
Sharyn Jones, 617-648

I present research investigating biodiversity and human interaction with the local environment through three perspectives on diverse islands in Fiji’s Lau Group. First, I generated long-term data on marine diversity and exploitation through zooarchaeological analyses of fauna from sites spanning the region’s prehistoric human occupation. The study areas are representative of regional fauna and local geographic variation in island size and structure. Each island also varies in terms of human occupation and degree of impacts on marine and terrestrial environments. Second, my ethnographic work recorded modern marine exploitation patterns by Lauan communities. Third, marine biological surveys documented living faunas. Together this information is used to explore the marine environment over the three millennia of human occupation. Using data derived from my multipronged study I discuss potential causes of ecological change in this tropical marine setting. My findings include the following: (1) data indicate that relative intensity of human occupation and exploitation determines modern composition and biological diversity of marine communities because human disturbance occurred more extensively on larger islands than on smaller islands in Lau; (2) Lauans appear to have targeted similar suites of marine fauna across their 3,000 years of history on these islands; (3) Lauans have had a selective effect on marine biodiversity because particular species are/were targeted according to local standards of ranking and preference; (4) marine resources existing today have withstood over 3,000 years of human impacts and therefore may have life history traits supporting resilience and making conservation efforts worthwhile.

“Good Water and Firewood”: The Island Oasis of Isla Cedros, Baja California, Mexico
Matthew R. Des Lauriers, 649-672

Today, Isla Cedros is remote from major population centers of northwestern Mexico and the American Southwest, but before European contact and throughout the Colonial Period, it was a well-known location to both indigenous peoples and Europeans. Today, a local fishing cooperative shares the island with a massive Mitsubishi Corporation/Mexican government–owned salt-transshipment facility. Far from representing a cautionary tale of excessive development and environmental degradation, Isla Cedros is one of the few places on the globe where human harvesting of marine resources has not yet resulted in an ecological collapse. It is a place where paradoxes abound and allows an alternative view of human interaction with marine and insular ecosystems. Both short- and long-term environmental variation characterizes this ecologically transitional region, and the adaptability of both its human and nonhuman inhabitants presents insights into the possibility of a “commons” without tragedy. Issues of exclusive use rights, short-periodicity variation, localized effects on resources due to sea-level rise, and sustainable socioeconomic systems can be addressed in an examination of Isla Cedros, Huamalgua, the Island of Fogs. This island setting presents us with challenges to many underexamined assumptions. In essence, it refuses easy categorization, instead offering at least some alternative perspectives for future historical ecological research of broad relevance to coastal and island settings worldwide.

An Introduction to the Biocomplexity of Sanak Island, Western Gulf of Alaska
Herbert D. G. Maschner, Matthew W. Betts, Joseph Cornell, Jennifer A. Dunne, Bruce Finney, Nancy Huntly, James W. Jordan, Aaron A. King, Nicole Misarti, Katherine L. Reedy-Maschner, Roland Russell, Amber Tews, Spencer A. Wood, and Buck Benson, 673-709

The Sanak Biocomplexity Project is a transdisciplinary research effort focused on a small island archipelago 50 km south of the Alaska Peninsula in the western Gulf of Alaska. This team of archaeologists, terrestrial ecologists, social anthropologists, intertidal ecologists, geologists, oceanographers, paleoecologists, and modelers is seeking to understanding the role of the ancient, historic, and modern Aleut in the structure and functioning of local and regional ecosystems. Using techniques ranging from systematic surveys to stable isotope chemistry, long-term shifts in social dynamics and ecosystem structure are present in the context of changing climatic regimes and human impacts. This paper presents a summary of a range of our preliminary findings.

Fishing up the Food Web?: 12,000 Years of Maritime Subsistence and Adaptive Adjustments on California’s Channel Islands
Jon M. Erlandson, Torben C. Rick, and Todd J. Braje, 711-724

Archaeologists working on California’s northern Channel Islands have produced an essentially continuous record of Native American fishing and nearshore ecological changes spanning the last 12,000 years. To search for evidence of Pauly’s “fishing down the foodweb” pattern typical of recent historical fisheries, we analyzed variation in the dietary importance of major marine faunal classes (shellfish, fish, marine mammals) on the islands through time. Faunal data suggest that the Island Chumash and their predecessors focused primarily on low-trophic-level shellfish during the Early and Middle Holocene, before shifting their economic focus to finfish and pinnipeds during the Late Holocene. Replicated in faunal sequences from the adjacent mainland, this trans-Holocene pattern suggests that Native Americans fished up the food web, a strategy that may have been more sustainable and had fewer ecological repercussions. Emerging technological data suggest, however, that some of the earliest Channel Islanders focused more heavily on higher-trophic-level animals, including marine mammals, seabirds, and waterfowl. These data emphasize the differences between the primarily subsistence-based foraging strategies of ancient Channel Islanders and the globalized market-based fisheries of modern and historic times, with important implications for understanding the long-term evolution and historical ecology of marine ecosystems.

Impact of Human Colonization on the Landscape: A View from the Western Pacific
Glenn R. Summerhayes, Matthew Leavesley, and Andy Fairbairn, 725-745

In this paper we review and assess the impact of colonizing peoples on their landscape by focusing on two very different colonizing processes within the western Pacific. The first is the initial human colonization of New Guinea 45,000–40,000 years ago by hunter-foraging populations; the second is the colonization of smaller offshore islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, some 3,300 years ago, by peoples argued to have practiced agriculture: two different colonizing processes by two different groups of peoples with two different social structures practicing two very different subsistence strategies. The impact of these two colonization processes on the environment is compared and contrasted, and commonalities identified for the archaeological and vegetation record.

Epilogue: Changing Archaeological Perspectives upon Historical Ecology in the Pacific Islands
Atholl Anderson, 747-757

Late-twentieth-century archaeological perspectives upon historical ecology in the Pacific islands emphasized anthropogenic impacts documented particularly in studies of vegetation change and deforestation, and the depletion or extinction of native faunas. More complex views of cultural-environmental relationships are now emerging. Biological invasions are seen as occurring more variably than in the transported landscapes model, simplistic narratives of cultural collapse are shown as only partly in agreement with relevant data, and models of behavioral ecology are argued as insufficient to explain long-term trajectories of ecological change. More influential roles are being proposed for climatic and demographic factors and cultural agency in ecological relations.

Association Affairs
759

Index to Volume 63
765

The table of contents below contains links to the MUSE edition of each article, along with the first paragraph of the introductory essay and a sample image from each of the main articles.

The Historiography of Reuse in South Asia
Alka Patel, 1

Excerpt: “It is little wonder that the historical phenomenon of architectural and sculptural reuse has attracted the attention of scholars investigating many regions and time periods. The late Roman empire and its immediate cultural diaspora (4th–5th c. CE), the Byzantine and Islamic worlds (6th–11th c. CE), and medieval Europe (12th–14th c. CE) are among the geographies and time periods known in scholarly ambits for reuse of architectural and sculptural fragments. Reuse of older elements to create new buildings or other composites is an eminently pragmatic human activity, with, additionally imaginative, allusory, and less tangible implications. To modern scholars and other viewers, historical instances of the integration of older and sometimes non-local elements into new works seems to signal, at least at first sight, the physical bringing together of different cultures and eras. Where scholars and/or the public have defined religions, states, or communities as mutually antagonistic, one group’s reuse of its rivals’ creations—whether wholesale or in part—seems to promise especially rich historical insight, indicating either the ultimate triumph of one over the other, or alternatively, their ultimate resolution of differences.”

Fortified Maṭhas and Fortress Mosques: The Transformation and Reuse of Hindu Monastic Sites in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Tamara I. Sears, 7

Surwāyā, overview of site

Expanding the Ghurid Architectural Corpus East of the Indus: The Jāgeśvara Temple at Sādaḍi, Rajasthan
Alka Patel, 33

Mosque of Qutb al-Din Aibeg at the Qutbi Complex. Delhi. Founded 1192-1193.

Translating Sacred Space in Bijāpur: The Mosques of Karīm al-Dīn and Khwāja Jahān
Katherine E. Kasdorf, 57

Mosque of Karīm al-Dīn, Bijāpur

Parataxis and the Practice of Reuse, from Mughal Margins to Mīr Kalān Khān
Molly Emma Aitken, 81

Bhīl couple with horseman. India. Mughal, 18th c.

Contesting the Lost Land, New Land, and Pure Land: Buddhist Steles of Seventh-Century Korea
Sunkyung Kim, 105

Standing Buddha (obverse and reverse). 539 CE. Koguryo, Korea.

Art of Asia Acquired by North American Museums, 2006–2008
135

EDITORS’ NOTE, iii

ARTICLES

Protecting Life from Language: John Ruskin’s Museum as Autobiography
Hilary Edwards, 297

This essay argues that Ruskin’s Museum constitutes his first sustained attempt to represent his life story, and as such is a crucial precursor to his autobiography, Praeterita. The Museum project fails, but the failure is redemptive: it forces Ruskin to come to terms with the necessity of language for the presentation of memory, and in so doing helps make Praeterita possible.

Translating Generic Liberties: Orlando on Page and Screen
Floriane Reviron-Piégay, 316

In the 1920s, modernist art and philosophy shared cinema’s ambitious project to refashion representations of subjectivity and time. Virginia Woolf was able to foresee that, in terms of representation, the cinema offered advantages literature did not have. By exploring the link between the advent of the cinema and what Woolf called “The New Biography,” this article explores the convergence between film theory, of adaptation in particular, and the theory of the New Biography as Woolf conceived it. Because Orlando: A Biography can be considered a mise en abîme of this theory, and because it lies at the crossroads between Woolf’s interest in the new visual medium and her search for a new mode of expression, its cinematic adaptation by Sally Potter in 1992 provides a particularly revealing insight into the problems of translation from one medium to another. The cinematic language of Orlando and its modernism led
Potter to invent a new mode of adaptation as translation that is perhaps as challenging and innovative as Woolf’s original.

SKETCHES FROM LIFE

Confessions of an Autobiography Scholar; or, You Can’t Handle the Truthiness
Timothy Dow Adams, 340

This piece is an autobiographical summary of my relationship to truth and genre over a long career as a scholar of life writing. In what is meant to be humorous, I lament the entanglements of my scholarly and personal life and my ever shifting views on teaching and writing in contrast to living a life in autobiography.

REVIEWS

Living Autobiographically: How We Create Identity in Narrative, by Paul John Eakin
Reviewed by David McCooey, 344

The Self in Moral Space: Life Narrative and the Good, by David Parker
Reviewed by Justine McGill, 348

Autobiography and Decolonization: Modernity, Masculinity, and the Nation-State, by Philip Holden
Reviewed by Ousmane Kane, 350

Iconos femeninos latinos e hispanoamericanos, edited by María Claudia André
Reviewed by Lucía Aranda, 352

Spaces of Belonging: Home, Culture and Identity in 20th Century French Autobiography, by Elizabeth H. Jones
Reviewed by Ralph Sarkonak, 355

Translating Lives: Living with Two Languages and Cultures, edited by Mary Besemeres and Anna Wierzbicka
Reviewed by Manuela Costantino, 357

Autoethnography as Method, by Heewon Chang
Reviewed by Carolyn Ellis, 360

Reconciliation Discourse: The Case of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, by Annelies Verdoolaege
Reviewed by Emily B. Rodio, 363

Harriet Tubman: Myth, Memory, and History, by Milton C. Sernett
Reviewed by DoVeanna S. Fulton Minor, 366

Mediating American Autobiography: Photography in Emerson, Thoreau, Douglass, and Whitman, by Sean Ross Meehan
Reviewed by Marta L. Werner, 369

Daybooks of Discovery: Nature Diaries in Britain, 1770–1870, by Mary Ellen Bellanca
Reviewed by Laura Dassow Walls, 374

Life Writing in Reformation Europe: Lives of Reformers by Friends, Disciples and Foes, by Irena Backus
Reviewed by Diarmaid MacCulloch, 380

REVIEWED ELSEWHERE, 383
Excerpts from recent reviews of biographies, autobiographies, and other works of interest

CONTRIBUTORS, 463

ARTICLES

Pliny’s Natural History and the Flavian Templum Pacis: Botanical Imperialism in First-Century C.E. Rome
Elizabeth Ann Pollard, 309

The gardens in the first-century C.E. Flavian Templum Pacis are best understood as formal colonial botanical gardens populated with exotic flora of the type catalogued by Pliny in his Natural History. These gardens, along with the spice market (Horrea Piperataria) located next to the Templum Pacis on the Sacred Way in the center of Rome, were monumental statements of imperial power over the world as the Romans knew it. Both the transplantation to and the sacred offering within the Templum Pacis of botanicals that Romans acquired through conquest in the east and long-distance trade with India were ways to assert ideological and economic power within the Indo-Mediterranean network of exchange.

The Planetary Portent of 1524 in China and Europe
David W. Pankenier, 339

In late February and early March of 1524 there occurred in Aquarius-Pisces an impressive massing of all five planets normally visible to the naked eye. This was the densest such gathering in centuries. In both China and the West such phenomena had long loomed large because of their astrological association with world-changing events on the grandest scale. Events in 1524 in China and Europe in response to the phenomenon
provide insight into the widely divergent Chinese and Western responses to such “millennial” events. The following discussion contrasts the astrological background and contemporary impact of this signal event in late Ming China and Reformation Europe.

Muslims and Social Change in the Atlantic Basin
Sean Foley, 377

Many people perceive America’s relationship with Islam and Muslims as a twentieth-century phenomenon. In reality, America’s relationship with Islam predates the creation of the United States and reflects America’s European, African, and Middle Eastern heritage. Islam was also a key component of Atlantic history in both the eastern and western hemispheres as a rival civilization and a vehicle for religious and political reform. This article will discuss the role of Islam at three crucial turning points in Atlantic history: the Protestant Reformation, the emergence of European nation-states, and the rise of notions of universal human rights.

“Notorious and Convicted Mutilators”: Rammohun Roy, Thomas Jefferson, and the Bible
Lynn Zastoupil, 399

This article links two famous individuals from different parts of the world who produced in the same year (1820) similar extracts of the four gospels. It argues that this was the result of globalizing processes that diffused unconventional views of the Bible to three continents and made international celebrities out of heterodox writers. The hitherto unconnected stories of Rammohun Roy and Thomas Jefferson are also used
to shed light on a long, bitter controversy in Britain about the doctrine of the Trinity, a controversy that followed the flow and counterflow of ideas and people between core and periphery fashioned by empire.

BOOK REVIEWS

A. G. Hopkins, ed. Global History: Interactions between the Universal and the Local
reviewed by Markus Vink, 435

Jack Goody. The Theft of History
reviewed by Richard Reitan, 440

Norman Yoffee and Bradley L. Crowell, eds. Excavating Asian History: Interdisciplinary Studies
in Archaeology and History
reviewed by Li Feng, 442

Serhii Plokhy. The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
reviewed by Robert H. Greene, 451

Leor Halevi. Muhammad’s Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society
reviewed by Christine D. Baker, 453

Mikael Adolphson, Edward Kamens, and Stacie Matsumoto, eds. Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries
reviewed by Patti Kameya, 456

Alison Games. The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660
reviewed by Michele M. Strong, 459

A. Dirk Moses, ed. Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
reviewed by Robert Melson, 463

Francisco Bethencourt and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds. Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400–1800
reviewed by Timothy J. Coates, 466

Paul D. McLean. The Art of the Network: Strategic Interaction and Patronage in Renaissance Florence
reviewed by Edward Tabri, 469

Mathias Schulze, James M. Skidmore, David G. John, Grit Liebscher, and Sebastian Siebel-Achenbach, eds.
German Diasporic Experiences: Identity, Migration, and Loss
reviewed by Renate Bridenthal, 472

Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of the 20th Century
reviewed by Grace J. Chae, 475

Vaclav Smil. Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations and Their Consequences
reviewed by Suzanne Moon, 478

Sarah Badcock. Politics and the People in Revolutionary Russia: A Provincial History
reviewed by Joshua Sanborn, 481

Paul Addison and Harriet Jones, eds. A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939–2000
reviewed by David Simonelli, 484

Michael Makovsky. Churchill’s Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft
reviewed by Sonja P. Wentling, 486

About the Artist: Daniel Waswas, vii

The Pacific Islands, viii

articles

Modernity, Cosmopolitanism, and the Emergence of Middle Classes in Tonga
Niko Besnier, 215

dialogue

Sustainability of the Kava Trade
Nancy J Pollock, 265

Remembering Greg Dening
edited by David Hanlon, contributions by Ben Finney, Marshall Sahlins, David Hanlon, Vicente M Diaz, Katerina Martina Teaiwa, and Greg Dvorak, 299

political reviews

The Region in Review: International Issues and Events, 2008
Nic Maclellan, 323

Melanesia in Review: Issues and Events, 2008
David Chappell, Jon Fraenkel, Solomon Kantha, Roselyn Lenga, 337

book and media reviews

Bridging Our Sea of Islands: French Polynesian Literature within an Oceanic Context, by Kareva Mateata-Allain
Reviewed by Paul Lyons, 384

House-Girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu, edited by Margaret Rodman, Daniela Kraemer, Lissant Bolton, and Jean Tarisesei
Reviewed by Margaret Jolly, 386

Une pirogue pour le Paradis: Le culte de John Frum à Tanna (Vanuatu), by Marc Tabani
Reviewed by Carlos Mondragón, 389

The Future of Tokelau: Decolonizing Agendas 1975–2006, by Judith Huntsman with Kelihiano Kalolo
Reviewed by Ingjerd Hoëm, 392

We Fought the Navy and Won: Guam’s Quest for Democracy, by Doloris Coulter Cogan
Reviewed by James Perez Viernes, 394

Politics and State Building in Solomon Islands, edited by Sinclair Dinnen and Stewart Firth
Reviewed by Ian Frazer, 397

Nā Kua‘āina: Living Hawaiian Culture, by Davianna Pōmaika‘i McGregor
Reviewed by Phyllis Turnbull, 399

Consequential Damages of Nuclear War: The Rongelap Report, by Barbara Rose Johnston and Holly M Barker
Reviewed by Miriam Kahn, 401

Morning Comes So Soon [DVD]
Reviewed by Greg Dvorak, 404

Penina Uliuli: Contemporary Challenges in Mental Health for Pacific Peoples, edited by Philip Culbertson, Margaret Nelson Agee, and Cabrini ‘Ofa Makasiale
Reviewed by Francis X Hezel, SJ, 406

Contributors, 411

Index to Volumes 11–20, 415