We provide a comprehensive compilation of 105 species of Aphidoidea adventive to the Hawaiian Islands based on literature records and a taxonomic analysis of available specimens. Seventeen species are recognized as new to the Islands. For each species information on synonyms, origins, distribution, and hosts is given. The average rate of introduction has been about 0.82 species per year. Approximately 35% of the species originate in East Asia, 35% from Europe and West Asia, and 21% from North America.

Phylogenetics and Species Status of Hawai‘i’s Endangered Blackburn’s Sphinx Moth, Manduca blackburni (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Daniel Rubinoff, Michael San Jose, and Akito Y. Kawahara, 31-42

Manduca blackburni, commonly known as Blackburn’s Sphinx Moth, is a federally listed endangered species restricted to localized habitats on three islands in the Hawaiian archipelago. Manduca blackburni was thought to be closely related to the widely distributed New World species M. quinquemaculatus, but this has never been formally tested, and shortly after its description, many authors dismissed it as a subspecies or form of M. quinquemaculatus. We used one mitochondrial gene, COI, and two nuclear genes, CAD and EF-1α (2,975 bp total), to examine the phylogenetic relationships between M. blackburni and putative sister species in the genus. The phylogeny resulting from two single-gene analyses (CAD, COI) and the concatenation of all three genes suggest that M. blackburni + M. quinquemaculatus are sister taxa, and the monophyly of each species is supported with relatively high branch support under parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Manduca blackburni and M. quinquemaculatus also differ in genetic distance for CAD and COI, and we therefore consider them separate species. Thus, our molecular results corroborate previous studies on the morphology of M. blackburni and retain the species rank of this taxon. Our results also indicate that one or more South American subspecies of M. sexta may merit elevation to species.

Genetic Connectivity Patterns of Corals Pocillopora damicornis and Porites panamensis (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) along the West Coast of Mexico
David A. Paz-García, Héctor E. Chávez-Romo, Francisco Correa-Sandoval, Héctor Reyes-Bonilla, Andrés López-Pérez, Pedro Medina-Rosas, and Martha P. Hernández-Cortés, 43-62

Genetic connectivity was studied in two scleractinian corals, Pocillopora damicornis (branching and broadcast spawner) and Porites panamensis (massive and brooding type), along the Pacific coast of Mexico. Allelic diversity between adults and juveniles, the latter recruited after the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1997–1998 event, was determined, and level of genetic connectivity among populations was assessed. There were no significant differences in allelic diversity between adults and juveniles from the same location. Seascape spatial genetic analysis suggested two or three clusters, depending on the species: (1) Bahías de Huatulco, (2) south of the Baja California Peninsula and Bahía de Banderas, and (3) locations in the Gulf of California. The most important barrier to gene flow was detected between Bahía de Banderas and Bahías de Huatulco and corresponds with a major coastal stretch of sandy beaches and lagoons. Moderate to high gene flow was found inside and at the entrance of the Gulf of California (N_em = 62–250), possibly favored by seasonal circulation patterns and sexual reproduction. In contrast, low gene flow was observed between southern populations and the rest of coastal Mexico (N_em < 1.7) based on high local recruitment and habitat discontinuity. A close genetic relationship of corals from the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula and severely damaged Bahía de Banderas coral communities confirmed that exchange of propagules could have taken place between the localities after the ENSO 1997–1998 event. Despite different reproductive strategies, both species showed similar patterns, suggesting the importance of surficial currents and habitat discontinuity to predict connectivity among coral reefs.

Black Coral Assemblages from Machalilla National Park (Ecuador)
Marzia Bo, Antonella Lavorato, Cristina G. Di Camillo, Angelo Poliseno, Andrés Baquero, Giorgio Bevestrello, Yuka Irei, and James Davis Reimer, 63-82

Little is known about density and structure of black coral populations of the continental Pacific coasts of Central and South America. Species diversity and ecology of the antipatharian fauna of Machalilla National Park (Province of Manabí, Ecuador) were surveyed using scuba, and two species, Myriopathes panamensis and Antipathes galapagensis, were identified. New information on the two species and their associated fauna was obtained through both underwater observations and laboratory analyses. Specific associations with stalked barnacles and parasitic zoanthids are described. An underwater visual census indicated that the black coral assemblage had a maximal density between depths of 15 and 30 m. Myriopathes panamensis commonly occurred below 20 m depth, and A. galapagensis was mainly recorded from deeper than 25 m depth. Surveyed sites were characterized by sparse rocks mixed with sandy patches, and occurrence of black corals was mainly related to availability of rocky substrate. With an average density of 0.5 colonies m^-2 , the shallow black coral community of Machalilla National Park is one of the densest in the world. Data from this study represent a clear baseline for monitoring of population dynamics of benthic organisms in an area subjected to periodic El Niño and La Niña events, which may greatly affect composition and abundance of the marine communities.

A Diel Comparison of the Unique Faunal Assemblage in Remote Anchialine Pools on Hawai‘i Island
Troy S. Sakihara, 83-96

Anchialine pools, which are defined as land-locked mixohaline pools with tidal influence, are unique and increasingly rare habitats in the Hawaiian Islands. Particularly, anchialine pools in Manukā on the island of Hawai‘i are home to a diverse, rare, and unique assemblage of decapod crustaceans. Diurnal and nocturnal surveys of motile aquatic species were conducted across 81 anchialine habitats in the Manukā watershed to perform diel comparisons of species assemblages, richness, abundances, distributions, and hydrography. Nocturnal surveys revealed significant increases in abundances, distributions, and species richness throughout Manukā’s anchialine habitats. Of particular interest are six native anchialine decapods, Halocaridina rubra, Metabetaeus lohena, Calliasmata pholidota, Antecaridina lauensis, Procaris hawaiana, and Palaemonella burnsi, that exhibited notable diel patterns in abundance and distribution. In addition, a recent new record of a caridean shrimp and two unidentified species were documented. Factors influenced by diel period (i.e., behavior of introduced predators and sun exposure) and various hydrographic and habitat characteristics were suspected to affect patterns in the biological parameters that were measured. The addition of nocturnal surveys can provide valuable biological information to anchialine habitat resource management that would not have been obtained with diurnal surveys alone.

Etrumeus makiawa, a New Species of Round Herring (Clupeidae: Dussumierinae) from the Hawaiian Islands
John E. Randall and Joseph D. DiBattista, 97-110

Etrumeus makiawa is described as a new species of round herring from the Hawaiian Islands. Formerly identified as E. micropus (type locality, Japan), it is distinct from that species in having modally one fewer pectoral ray and 48–51 gill rakers, compared with 44–48 for E. micropus. Japanese and Hawaiian Etrumeus compose reciprocally monophyletic mtDNA lineages (d = 4.60%) with a long period of separation (ca. 2.3 million yr). This new Hawaiian endemic is also differentiated from E. acuminatus in California and Baja California, which instead has a count of 41–45 gill rakers, a larger maximum size (to 280 mm SL, compared with 198 mm for E. makiawa), and a clearly different mtDNA sequence (d = 2.20%). The northwestern Atlantic species, E. sadina (E. teres is a synonym), has 49–54 gill rakers and is genetically differentiated from all the other species considered here (d = 15.95% to 17.58%).

Association Affairs
111

Parasitism and Disjunctivism in Nyāya Epistemology
Matthew R. Dasti, 1

This article examines a number of arguments I collectively term arguments from parasitism, which Nyāya employs to illustrate that rational reflection, the institution of language, and even error itself presuppose a ground-level basis of veridical cognitive interaction with the world. It further suggests that by such arguments, coupled with its stress on the inerrancy of pramāṇas, Nyāya anticipates and supports the contemporary philosophical movement known as (epistemological) disjunctivism.

Theory and Comparison in the Discussion of Buddhist Ethics
Michael G. Barnhart, 16

Comparisons between the ethical views of Western and non-Western thinkers have been a staple of comparative philosophy for quite some time now. Some of these comparisons, such as between the views of Aristotle and Confucius, seem especially apt and revealing. However, is it really so obvious that Western “ethical theory”― virtue ethics, deontology, or consequentialism ― is always the best lens through which to approach non-Western ethical thought in general and Buddhism in particular? The existence of more indigenous accounts of Buddhist ethics raises other questions. Does Buddhism bring something unique to the table, perhaps stretching the way in which we think about ethics generally? Or, does Buddhism represent a variant, perhaps a unique and informative one, of a cluster of approaches? Does it stand alone or in a theoretical family? This essay attempts to answer these questions by examining some of Buddhism’s more unique elements as well as the nature of the various standard ethical theories to see whether they at least exhibit the same spirit of approach endemic to Buddhism. I argue that, by and large, they do not.

The Unsolved Issue of Consciousness
Nishida Kitarō, translated with an introduction by John W. M. Krummel, 44

This essay by Nishida Kitarō from 1927, translated into English here for the first time, is from the initial period of what has come to be called “Nishida philosophy” (Nishida tetsugaku), when Nishida was first developing his conception of “place” (basho). Nishida here inquires into the relationship between logic and consciousness in terms of place and implacement in order to overcome the shortcomings of previous philosophical attempts ― from the ancient Greeks to the moderns ― to dualistically conceive the relationship between being and knowing in terms of subject-object or form-matter. During the course of articulating his novel approach to consciousness and cognition, Nishida discusses what he takes to be the weaknesses of Greek hylomorphism, Kantian (and neo-Kantian) dualism, and Husserlian phenomenology. Dissatisfied with the attribution of mere passivity to placiality, and turning away from consciousness objectified as a subject of statement, Nishida imparts to consciousness qua place a certain logical independence as an active yet un-objectifiable “predicate.” This investigation of consciousness as the unobjectifiable place for objectification leads Nishida to the notion of what precedes consciousness itself, a “place of nothing” (mu no basho) that envelops the dichotomized structures of subject-predicate, being-nothing, subject-object, universal-particular, et cetera.

Mohist Care
Dan Robins, 60

This essay refutes the widely held view that the Mohist doctrine of inclusive care (jian ai 兼愛) rules out any special preference for those close to us, especially family. Family values such as filial piety were in fact extremely important for the Mohists, as is clear even in their writings on inclusive care. Caring inclusively involved taking up a social perspective by committing oneself to collective norms that, if widely followed, would secure everybody’s well-being. This would not be a pure form of altruism, since many people would be able to care inclusively for others only if they could in turn benefit from other people’s care. This distinguishes the inclusive from the truly benevolent, who would remain benevolent regardless of how other people treat them. Understood, as it is argued here that we should, the Mohist doctrine of inclusive care provides a compelling account of how we should concern ourselves with one another’s well-being in a society in which caring attitudes are sufficiently widespread.

How Meaning Moves: Tan Sitong on Borrowing across Cultures
Leigh K. Jenco, 92

Much recent comparative political theory and philosophy engages the substantive ideas of historically marginalized thought traditions, but ignores the methodological insights that have structured cross-cultural thinking in diverse times and places. In contrast, this essay examines the cross-cultural methodology of Tan Sitong, an influential Chinese reformer of the Qing dynasty who thought critically and carefully about his country’s engagement with Western knowledge. Tan’s work draws attention to how dynamic and plural meaning (dao) in any society is embedded and produced through externally observable practices and institutions (qi) that can be replicable in other communities. Working from these metaphysical assumptions, he draws attention to the possibility of “authentic” imitation of foreign ways of life. His ambitions to authenticity, however, do not affirm a cultural essence so much as they recognize the process of meaning-production as driven by a necessary tension between continuity or replication, on the one hand, and innovation and interpretation, on the other. Tan therefore provides an important corrective to contemporary accounts that emphasizes how the emergent and hybrid character of cultural constructs tends to ignore the ways in which foreign learning can be a site of discipline as well as a target of inclusion.

FEATURE REVIEW

The Centrality of Karma in Early Buddhism, a review of What the Buddha Thought, by Richard Gombrich
William Walters, 114

BOOK REVIEWS

Imperial-Way Zen: Ichikawa Hakugen’s Critique and Lingering Questions for Buddhist Ethics, by Christopher Ives
Reviewed by James Mark Shields, 128

Ritual and Deference: Extending Chinese Philosophy in a Comparative Context, by Robert Cummings Neville
Reviewed by Sor-hoon Tan, 131

Rorty, Pragmatism and Confucianism, edited by Yong Huang
Reviewed by Andrew Lambert, 134

The Jews as a Chosen People: Tradition and Transformation, by S. Leyla Gürkan
Reviewed by Paul E. Nahme, 139

Fathoming the Cosmos and Ordering the World: The Yijing (I-Ching, or Classic of Changes) and Its Evolution in China, by Richard J. Smith
Reviewed by Tze-ki Hon, 144

The Chinese Aesthetic Tradition, by Li Zehou
Reviewed by Marthe Chandler, 147

BOOKS RECEIVED

Books Received, 151

Letter from the Co-Editors: Our Vision for Cross-Currents
Sungtaek Cho, Wen-hsin Yeh

Introduction by the Guest Editor: Territoriality and Space Production in China
You-tien Hsing

Photo Essay: Beijing Besieged by Garbage
Wang Jiuliang

Articles

Integrating Documentation and Formal Teaching of Kari’nja: Documentary Materials as Pedagogical Materials
Racquel-María Yamada, pp. 1–30

In response to the loss of more traditional modes of transmission and decreased contexts of use, members of many endangered language communities have begun revitalization programs that include formal teaching. Linguistic documentation of these languages often occurs independently of revitalization efforts and is largely led by outsider academics. Separation of documentation and revitalization is unnecessary. In fact, the two endeavors can readily support and strengthen each other. This paper describes the process of concurrently creating formal teaching materials and a documentary corpus of Kari’nja, an endangered Cariban language of Suriname. Activities described embody the Community Partnerships Model (CPM), a methodological approach to linguistic fieldwork that is collaborative and speech community-based. The work described herein represents a small portion of an ongoing documentation, description, and revitalization program.

Puana ‘Ia me ka ‘Oko‘a: A Comparative Analysis of Hawaiian Language Pronunciation as Spoken and Sung
Joseph Keola Donaghy, pp. 107-133

In this paper I argue that the differences between spoken Hawaiian and vocal performance of western-influenced “traditional” Hawaiian music are representative of the linguistic diversity found within the Hawaiian language. It contains a comparative analysis of Hawaiian Language Pronunciation as Spoken and Sung, using transcriptions of recorded examples by John Kameaaloha Almeida, a native speaker of the Hawaiian language and a prominent composer, singer, and instrumentalist. It will provide a phonemic analysis of notable and predictable variations heard in Hawaiian language vocal performances that are not heard in spoken Hawaiian. Further, it will show that rhythmic arrangement of morae over strong beats in the musical measure is largely analogous to accent in spoken Hawaiian, with some predictable exceptions. The paper also documents how, during his vocal performance, Almeida added three non-lexical vocables not heard in spoken Hawaiian. I argue that these characteristics and variation are indicative of the linguistic diversity found within the Hawaiian language and, as such, are worthy of the same attention and scholarly scrutiny as spoken Hawaiian. The second goal of this applied research is to present the results in a manner that is accessible to practitioners of Hawaiian language performance.

‘Auto-documentación Lingüística’: La experiencia de una comunidad Jodï en la Guayana Venezolana
Miguel Marcello Quatra, pp. 134-156

This article describes a self-directed project of linguistic documentation that was carried out over a five-year period in an indigenous Jodï community of the Venezuelan Guayana. The project was somewhat unique in that members of the local community were themselves responsible for producing documentary materials of their own language. The main results of this work include the compilation of the first Jodï-Spanish bilingual dictionary and the creation of an ethno-historical and cultural multimedia archive, with 79 hours of audio and video recordings stored at the local community. Reflecting on this experience, the author argues that more emphasis and support needs to be given to language ‘self-documentation’, in which the speech community acts as both principal investigator/compiler and user. A local community-centered approach offers an alternative that addresses certain unresolved issues in the practice of language documentation. Furthermore, it would make this activity more relevant to the larger issues of supporting the diversity of life on earth and enhancing the quality of life for human populations at the local and global levels.

“Unknown Unknowns” and the Retrieval Problem in Language Documentation and Archiving
Gary Holton, 157-168

One of the major motivations driving the field of documentary linguistics is the need to create a lasting record of language that can be (re)used by both speakers and linguists. However, the mere act of language documentation does not guarantee that the products of documentation are accessible. This retrieval problem can result in a false belief that a language has been adequately documented—what I refer to as an unknown unknown. This paper illustrates unknown unknowns with examples drawn from the field of place names documentation, touching briefly on unknown unknowns in other areas of language documentation. The paper concludes with some suggestions as to how to mitigate against the retrieval problem.

Biology in Language Documentation
Aung Si, 169-186

The fields of ethnobiology and language documentation have much to offer each other, but for the moment, there are few signs of engagement between practitioners of the two disciplines. In this paper, I argue that projects that seek to document endangered languages can benefit by focusing on the semantic domain of traditional biological and ecological knowledge (TEK), and by engaging in collaborative projects with ethnobiologists. In doing so, researchers not only produce a rich corpus that is culturally relevant and valuable to the language community, but also record information about the natural world that may be of interest to researchers in other fields. The TEK encoded in a language is best and most easily observed in the specialized vocabulary that speakers may employ when talking about various natural phenomena. However, a community’s knowledge of their biological environment extends far beyond the lexicon and into the domain of complex ecological relationships among different organisms. Using examples from my fieldwork in southern India, I argue that it is possible to capture such knowledge in a language documentation program. Other criteria for a good documentation, such as the inclusion of a wide range of speech genres, can also be met while eliciting TEK from language consultants.

Documentary Linguistics and Community Relations
Keren Rice, 187-207

In recent years, there has been a growing focus in linguistics on community-based research. In this paper, I summarize how community-based research is defined, and then address community-based research from two perspectives. I begin with a perspective that is sometimes heard in universities, and sometimes by colleagues in linguistics as well: that community-based research is not really research, but rather community service. I discuss some of the fallacies in this conclusion, examining how traditional types of linguistic research can grow out of community-based work as well as addressing the types of new research topics that might emerge from this type of paradigm. I then switch the focus and ask what community-based research might mean from the perspective of a community, and who controls the research.

To BOLDly Go Where No One Has Gone Before
Brenda Boerger, 208-233

In this article, I report on a survey designed as the first step in testing claims made regarding the potential of Basic Oral Language Documentation (BOLD) for addressing the urgency of the documentation task. BOLD was developed in response to a number of language documentation challenges, its aim being to design a time-effective way to obtain a core data corpus, thereby allowing for more endangered languages to be documented faster. After providing background about BOLD and its claims, I report on its use in six field projects which had varying durations and goals. These preliminary results confirm BOLD’s overall soundness, while suggesting minor adjustments in design and protocols. I invite the language documentation community to participate in BOLD in three ways: (1) make BOLD corpora of undocumented languages a funding priority, (2) use it and require it of students, and (3) help refine BOLD best practices. Since the current rate of new documentations is not keeping pace with language loss, it is only by adopting this or a similar strategy that speech practices of communities around the world can be documented before it is too late.

Notes from the Field

Maranao: A Preliminary Phonological Sketch with Supporting Audio
Jason William Lobel and Labi Hadji Sarip Riwarung, pp. 31–59

(Both pdfs without embedded sound files and separate WAV versions of sound files are archived in ScholarSpace.)

Technology Reviews

Review of NVivo 8
by Alex Rath, pp. 60–65

Review of JVC GY-HM100U HD video camera and FFmpeg libraries
by Jeremy Hammond, pp. 69-80

Review of Phon: Free Software for Phonological Transcription and Analysis
by Heather Buchan, pp. 81-87

Review of ANVIL: Annotation of Video and Language Data 5.0
by Ning Tan and Jean-Claude Martin, pp. 88-94

Review of WordSmith Tools
by D.J Prinsloo and Daniel Prinsloo, pp. 95-106

Book Review

Claire Bowern, Linguistic Fieldwork: A Practical Guide
Reviewed by Lameen Souag, pp. 66-68

“Sino-Pacifica”: Conceptualizing Greater Southeast Asia as a Sub-Arena of World History
Andrew J. Abalahin, 659

Conventional geography’s boundary line between a “Southeast Asia” and an “East Asia,” following a “civilizational” divide between a “Confucian” sphere and a “Vietnam aside, everything but Confucian” zone, obscures the essential unity of the two regions. This article argues the coherence of a macroregion “Sino-Pacifica” encompassing both and explores this new framework’s implications: the Yangzi River basin, rather than the Yellow River basin, pioneered the developments that led to the rise of Chinese civilization, and the eventual prominence of the Yellow River basin came not from centrality but rather from its liminality—its position as the contact zone between Inner Eurasia and Southeast Asia.

Disputing the “Iron Circle”: Renan, Afghani, and Kemal on Islam, Science, and Modernity
York A. Norman, 693

This article deals with the criticisms advanced by two leading Muslim thinkers, Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1838–1897) and Namik Kemal (1840–1888), of the free-thinking French intellectual Ernest Renan (1823–1892). All three men wrote in 1883—a moment of rapid colonial expansion—on the places of Islam and science in modern political culture. The article challenges the prevailing theory that Islamic concepts of governance could not be reconciled with reformist thought by reevaluating the insights and legacy of Kemal, the most influential Ottoman political activist of his time.

Gu Hongming as a Cultural Amphibian: A Confucian Universalist Critique of Modern Western Civilization
Chunmei Du, 715

Intellectuals around the world debated the meaning of civilization during the World War I era. This article reexamines the life and ideas of the so-called Chinese sage Gu Hongming. Born and raised in British Malaya, Gu grew up as an English-educated Romanticist, but he ended as a staunch monarchist and eminent Confucian propagandist to the early twentieth-century Western world. In contrast to the traditional label of “cultural conservative,” I propose the new concept of “cultural amphibians” to characterize Gu and his contemporary “spokesmen of the East.” Because of their social “hybrid vigor” and transcultural competence at a time of rapid global transformations, these men were able to forge “authentic” identities across national, ideological, and cultural boundaries. Seemingly rooted in a cultural and ideological confrontation between the West and the non-West, their discourses on “Eastern-Western civilizations” are in fact better seen as marked by a global intellectual syncretism.

Globalization and Global History in Toynbee
Michael Lang, 747

This article traces the intellectual history of Arnold J. Toynbee. It centers on early twentieth-century British social thought and its synthesis of idealism and evolution. Toynbee used this framework to interpret imperial and international affairs, and, like his mentors, he focused especially on the unprecedented, progressive possibilities of global integration. With the failure of the Paris Peace Conference, however, Toynbee began to regard globalization as a contradiction between social unity and spiritual disjuncture. A Study of History, his endeavor to bring historical writing into its global present, followed from this opposition, which he sought to explain and hoped to resolve. By the mid 1930s, world events finally overwhelmed Toynbee’s commitment to the old conceptual synthesis. He returned to such thinking after World War II, but his brief declaration of methodological limitations illuminated for historical study the antinomy of the global scale.

Aliens in Their Native Lands: The Persistence of Internal Colonial Theory
John R. Chávez, 785

In the 1960s “internal colonialism” became an important theory advanced to explain the historical development of ethnic and racial inequality in the modern world. By the 1980s the theory had been dismissed as inadequate. Nonetheless, its influence persisted as more global colonial theories evolved. This article argues that internal colonialism continues effectively to explain the historic subordination of indigenous peoples within larger states dominated by other groups. Furthermore, internal colonialism is applicable globally to dynastic and national states, as well as contiguous empires, from antiquity to the present—a breadth that attests to this theory’s continuing significance.

BOOK REVIEWS

John R. Searle. Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization
reviewed by John E. Wills Jr., 811

Kimberly Kagan, ed. The Imperial Moment
reviewed by Alexander Mirkovic, 816

Miriam Robbins Dexter and Victor H. Mair. Sacred Display: Divine and Magical Female Figures of Eurasia
reviewed by David Christian, 819

Victor Lieberman. Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, Vol. 2: Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands
reviewed by Derek Heng, 822

Johan Elverskog. Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
reviewed by Yang Bin, 825

Don J. Wyatt. The Blacks of Premodern China
reviewed by Maghan Keita, 828

Mark Edward Lewis. China’s Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty
reviewed by Charles Holcombe, 830

Youval Rotman. Jane Marie Todd, trans. Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World
reviewed by Richard J. Hoffman, 833

Edward N. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
reviewed by Richard Greenfield, 836

J. R. McNeill. Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620–1914
reviewed by Molly A. Warsh, 840

Glyn Williams. Arctic Labyrinth: The Quest for the Northwest Passage
reviewed by Ingo Heidbrink, 844

J. H. Elliott. Spain, Europe, and the Wider World, 1500–1800
reviewed by Matthew James Crawford, 846

Erik R. Seeman. Death in the New World: Cross-Cultural Encounters, 1492–1800
reviewed by Pablo F. Gomez, 850

John D. Garrigus and Christopher Morris, eds. Assumed Identities: The Meanings of Race in the Atlantic World
reviewed by Matt Clavin, 853

Richard L. Kagan and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800
reviewed by Ana Schaposchnik, 855

Kristin Mann. Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760–1900
reviewed by Ismael M. Montana, 857

Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy, eds. How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850
reviewed by Meha Priyadarshini, 860

Jennifer Newell. Trading Nature: Tahitians, Europeans, and Ecological Exchange
reviewed by Emily J. Manktelow, 863

Karl R. Appuhn. A Forest on the Sea: Environmental Expertise in Renaissance Venice
reviewed by Jason Hardgrave, 867

Francisco Bethencourt. Jean Birrell, trans. The Inquisition: A Global History, 1478–1834
reviewed by Patricia Lopes Don, 870

Peter H. Wilson. The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy
reviewed by Mark Charles Fissel, 873

Tillman W. Nechtman. Nabobs: Empire and Identity in Eighteenth-Century Britain
reviewed by Michael H. Fisher, 877

Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery. Ly Lan Dill-Klein with Eric Jennings, Nora Taylor, and Noémi Tousignant, trans. Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954
reviewed by Marie-Paule Ha, 880

Ilham Khuri-Makdisi. The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860–1914
reviewed by Roberto Mazza, 883

Eugenio Menegon. Ancestors, Virgins, and Friars: Christianity as a Local Religion in Late Imperial China
reviewed by Jeff Kyong-McClain, 886

Alexander Missal. Seaway to the Future: American Social Visions and the Construction of the Panama Canal
reviewed by Julie Greene, 889

Alan Tansman, ed. The Culture of Japanese Fascism
reviewed by Bill Mihalopoulos, 893

Silvio Pons and Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism
reviewed by Robert W. Strayer, 895

INDEX TO VOLUME 22
899

ARTICLES

Autographics and the History of the Form: Chronicling Self and Career in Will Eisner’s Life, in Pictures and Yoshihiro Tatsumi’s A Drifting Life
Rocío G. Davis, 253

Using the notion of “autographics,” this essay examines how Will Eisner, in Life, in Pictures (2007) and Yoshihiro Tatsumi, in A Drifting Life (2009), deploy the graphic form to illustrate the development of graphic art, incorporating the story of their artistic trajectory with a critical look at the development of the medium in their time. The texts become exceptional documents that trace the interconnections among politics, society, art, economy, and idealism in the United States and Japan before and after the Second World War.

A Hermeneutics of Recruitment: The Case of Wordsworth
Mark David Kaufman, 277

In his 1998 biography The Hidden Wordsworth: Poet, Lover, Rebel, Spy, Kenneth R. Johnston advances the controversial claim that the Romantic poet may have been working for the Home Office in a clandestine capacity while traveling in Germany as a young man. This article offers a rhetorical analysis of Johnston’s method of positing Wordsworth’s juvenile errors as the means by which he was recruited into service. Johnston’s method is not so much biographical as tropological, an imaginative fi guration of the poet-as-spy based upon a series of metaphorical and metonymical substitutions. Ostensibly an act of uncovering Wordsworth’s involvement in late eighteenth-century intrigues, the biographer weaves a narrative of secret motives and actions that effectively recruits Wordsworth as a participant in twentieth-century conflicts.

Autobiography and the Problem of Finish
Hannah Sullivan, 298

Both diaries and autobiographies are difficult to end. Where diarists struggle to find the last words, autobiographies are prone to being revised after a first draft is complete. This essay compares several heavily rewritten autobiographies from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including Leslie Stephen’s Mausoleum Book, Virginia Woolf ’s “A Sketch of the Past” and James Joyce’s novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. It argues that the problem of finishing a text is historically constituted, and shows why critics interested in life writing should pay closer attention to genetic processes.

REVIEWS
Victorian Biography Reconsidered: A Study of Nineteenth-Century “Hidden” Lives, by Juliette Atkinson
Reviewed by Alison Booth, 326

Biography and History, by Barbara Caine
Reviewed by Jeremy D. Popkin, 329

The Inheritance of Genius: A Thackery Family Biography, 1798–1875, by John Aplin
Reviewed by Sheldon Goldfarb, 331

Shakespeare and Biography, by David Bevington
Reviewed by Robert McHenry, 334

The Made-Up Self: Impersonation in the Personal Essay, by Carl H. Klaus
Reviewed by Elizabeth S. (Beth) Taylor, 338

Mr. Isherwood Changes Trains: Christopher Isherwood and the Search for the “Home Self,” by Vincent Marsh
Reviewed by Jaime Harker, 341

Personal Effects: Reading the Journal of Marie Bashkirtseff, by Sonia Wilson
Reviewed by Valerie Raoul, 343

Jack Tar’s Story: The Autobiographies and Memoirs of Sailors in Antebellum America, by Myra C. Glenn
Reviewed by Niklas Frykman, 346

How We Are Changed By War: A Study of Letters and Diaries from Colonial Conflicts to Operation Iraqi Freedom, by D. C. Gill
Reviewed by Dan P. McAdams, 348

Perfect Heroes: The World War II Parachutists and the Making of Israeli Collective Memory, by Judith Tydor Baumel-Schwartz
Reviewed by Rachel S. Harris, 353

Postcolonial Travel Writing: Critical Explorations, edited by Justin D. Edwards and Rune Graulund
Reviewed by Michael H. Fisher, 355

Acts of Narrative Resistance: Women’s Autobiographical Writings in the Americas, by Laura J. Beard
Reviewed by Joanna R. Bartow, 358

Beyond Narrative Coherence, edited by Matti Hyvärinen, Lars-Christer Hydén, Marja Saarenheimo, and Maria Tamboukou
Reviewed by Anna De Fina, 362

Nomadic Narratives, Visual Forces: Gwen John’s Letters and Paintings, by Maria Tamboukou
Reviewed by Maria Photiou, 364

Counter-Archive: Film, the Everyday, and Albert Kahn’s Archives de la Planète, by Paula Amad
Reviewed by Jan Baetens, 366

REVIEWED ELSEWHERE
Excerpts from recent reviews of biographies, autobiographies, and other
works of interest, 371

CONTRIBUTORS, 426

ARTICLES

Special Issue: Korean Religions in Inter-Cultural Contexts Religion As A Moving Target
Boudewijin Walraven, 9

Religion is a moving target in the sense that it is difficult to pinpoint exactly what it is and does; hence the numerous definitional problems. It is also a moving target in the sense that the elements that constitute religion are not stable, and are subject to kaleidoscopic changes. Conventional labels such as shamanism, Buddhism and Confucianism tend to distract our attention from these changes and instabilities. They become associated with certain standard concepts, which may have little to do with the actual practice of their believers or are equally present in the conceptual world of the adherents of other religions. Over the years these labels cover different realities and the distinctions between them may become so vague that it becomes difficult to classify certain phenomena under one of these rubrics. Korea’s religious history shows, for instance, that so-called “Confucian values” were propagated by Buddhist songs, and that the core of these values, the virtues of filial piety and loyalty to the throne, by the middle of the nineteenth century had ceased to be “Confucian” in any meaningful way, having become generally accepted by people from whatever religious conviction. In practice, a constant process of reassembling and reconstituting takes place, which means that not too much value should be assigned to the origin or authenticity of religious phenomena, and that a notion such as syncretism becomes useless as a distinguishing characteristic.
Keywords: concept of religion, shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, syncretism

The Place of “Religion” in Colonial Korea around 1910: The Imperial History of “Religion”
Taehoon Kim, 25

The development of the concept of “religion” in colonial Korea will be considered as the culmination of the history of the concept of “religion” in imperial Japan. The purpose of considering the concept of religion within imperial history is not simply to demonstrate the relationship of mutual influence that existed between the concepts of religion in the metropole and colony. The perspective of an imperial history of “religion” taken up in this paper attempts to view the linkages within the concept of religion, whereby the colony and the metropole defined one another, allowing identities to form while engendering internal contradictions for both. This paper will highlight a number of examples from the documents of the Government-General of Korea, in order to consider the situation of religion in Korea around 1910.
Keywords: concept of ‘religion’, the imperial concept of ‘religion’, Colonial Korea, the documents of the Government-General of Korea, reorganization of the religious sphere

A Buddhist Christmas: The Buddha’s Birthday Festival in Colonial Korea (1928-1945)
Hwansoo Kim, 47

This article examines the dynamic aspects of the Buddha’s Birthday festival as it was celebrated from 1928 to 1945 in colonial Korea. A joint Japanese and Korean Buddhist event sponsored by the state, it became the signature religious and state festival. Although much politicized, the festival was also a culmination of Buddhist efforts in Asia to respond to modernity, nationalism, colonialism, and Christian missions. Paralleling the reinvention of Christmas in the modern period, Buddhists reconfigured the Buddha’s birthday as a symbol of their religious identity and power. The Buddha’s Birthday festival should be understood in the context of increasing contact and exchange among Buddhists in the East and the West. The festival’s prominence was the result of complex negotiation and collaboration between Korean and Japanese Buddhists who both hoped the festival would advance their overlapping visions of Buddhism. The festival was not so much an imposition of the colonizer on a native culture as it was a dynamic, creative feature of modern Korean Buddhism in the colonial context.
Keywords: colonial Korea, Buddha’s Birthday festival, Hana Matsuri, modern Korean Buddhism, Christianity.

Montanism and the “Empire of Mount Sion (시온산 제국)”: Lessons from the Early Church and the Early Korean Church
James H. Grayson, 83

Comparing events from the early decades of the Christian Church in Korea with the history of the Early Church is a potentially rich form of research as the experience of the Early Church can help to both highlight distinctive characteristics of the Early Korean Church and to point out the broad similarities of Christian experience regardless of cultural and temporal differences. Both the Early Church and the Early Korean Church had a strong millenarian element in their history. The earliest example of a distinct millenarian movement in the Early Church which separated from the mainstream was the Montanist group, whereas in Korea one can point to the Empire of Mount Sion movement of the 1940s and its subsequent denomination. Both of these groups arose at a time when the state was imposing a cult of the worship of imperial rulers for the purpose of creating national unity.
Keywords: Montanism, Mount Sion Presbyterian Church, Empire of Mount Sion movement, millenarianism, Early Church

Kyŏnggi Southerners’ Notion of Heaven and Its Influence on Tasan’s Theory of Human Nature
So-Yi Chung, 111

Tasan Chŏng Yag-yong 茶山 丁若鏞 is in large part interpreted as either 1) pro-Catholic under the guise of Confucianism or, 2) a primitive, ‘original’ Confucian with no deep relevance to Western Learning. The notion of a personified Heaven, or ‘a lord above’ (上帝), in Tasan’s work naturally provokes the image of the God of Western religion or the fearful Heaven of ancient Confucianism, which in turn causes researchers to assume that such a view was held only by those who were against Neo-Confucianism or even “pro-Catholic” (親西派). What is interesting, however, is that the writings of Kyŏnggi Southerners – the faction to which Tasan ideologically belonged, who were neither against Neo-Confucianism nor even anti-Catholic (攻西派), make frequent reference to a personified Heaven with power and authority. This article first reviews how Tasan’s contemporaries envisioned Heaven by examining the letters and manuscripts of such Kyŏnggi Southerners as Ch’ae Che-gong 蔡濟恭, An Chŏng-bok 安鼎福 and Yi Ka-hwan 李家煥. It shall be demonstrated that a number of thinkers before Tasan had already described such key notions as an ‘inclination’ (嗜好) towards goodness as the true nature (本性) of Heaven. The second part of this article describes Tasan’s theory of human mind, especially the three elements of its immaterial core, namely, nature (性), capability (才), and implementation (行事). It will be argued that Tasan’s explanation of the human mind bears a striking resemblance to the traits of Heaven as narrated by the Kyŏnggi Southerners previously examined. The final part explores the significance of Heaven in the worldview of Kyŏnggi Southerners and the philosophy of Tasan. For them, Heaven was not an omnipotent being waiting to judge our lives after death, but the object of a ‘humane relationship’ (人倫) – like a father, a king, or a teacher, along with all their accompanying strengths and weaknesses.
Keywords: Tasan Chŏng Yag-yong (茶山 丁若鏞), Kyŏnggi Southerners, Heaven, Catholicism, Western Learning (西學)

BOOK REVIEWS

근대 한·일 관계사 속의 기독교 [Christianity in the History of Modern Korea-Japan Relations]. 양현혜 Hyŏn-hye Yang.
Reviewed by Niwa Izumi

한국 그리스도교 비평 [A Critique of Korean Christianity]. 이찬수 Ch’an-su Yi.
Reviewed by Miryam Woohyuk Choi

Korean American Evangelicals: New Models for Civic Life. Elaine Howard Ecklund.
Reviewed by Peter Y. Paik

Trial and Error in Modernist Reforms: Korean Buddhism Under Colonial Rule. Pori Park.
Reviewed by Jin Y. Park

État, religion et répression en Asie. Chine, Corée, Japon et Vietnam (XIIIe-XXIe siècles) [State, Religion and Repression in Asia. China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam (13th-21st Centuries)]. Arnaud Brotons, Yannick Bruneton, Nathalie Kouamé.
Reviewed by Bernard Senécal

한국인의 종교관: 한국정신의 맥락과 내용. Han’gugin u˘i chonggyogwan:
Han’guk cho˘ngsin u˘i maengnak kwa naeyong [The religious attitudes of
Koreans: The context and content of the Korean Mentalite], by 윤이흠 외.
Yoon Yee-Heum et al., Seoul: Seoul National University Press, 2001, x+289p.

ARTICLES

Chinese Buddhism and the Threat of Atheism in Seventeenth-Century Europe
Thierry Meynard, 1

A Buddhist Carol
Paul M. Keeling, 25

Hobbits as Buddhists and an Eye for an “I”
Paul Andrew Powell, 31

No-Self, Dōgen, the Senika Doctrine, and Western Views of Soul
Gerhard Faden, 41

THE SCHOLARLY CONTRIBUTIONS OF RITA M. GROSS

Rita Gross as Teacher, Mentor, Friend
Kathleen M. Erndl, 57

Rita Gross as Colleague and Collaborator
Nancy Auer Falk, 63

Rita Gross’s Contribution to Contemporary Western Tibetan Buddhism
Judith Simmer-Brown, 69

Rita Gross as Pioneer in the Study of Women and Religion
Rosemary Radford Ruether, 75

Rita Gross: Buddhist-Christian Dialogue about Dialogue
Paul F. Knitter, 79

Rita Gross as Coeditor of Buddhist-Christian Studies
Terry C. Muck, 85

I Am Speechless: Thank You, Colleague Friends
Rita M. Gross, 89

BUDDHIST-CHRISTIAN MUTUAL THEOLOGIZING/BUDDHOLOGIZING

On Doing Theology and Buddhology: A Spectrum of Christian Proposals
Amos Yong, 103

Thoughts on Why, How, and What Buddhists Can Learn from Christian Theologians
John Makransky, 119

Duality and Non-Duality in Christian Practice: Reflections on the Benefits of Buddhist-Christian Dialogue for Constructive Theology
Wendy Farley, 135

Asymmetry, Essentialism, and Covert Cultural Imperialism: Should Buddhists and Christians Do Theoretical Work Together?
Grace Burford, 147

THE BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE IN BUDDHISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND SCIENCE edited by Paul D. Numrich

From Epistemology to Ethics
Paul D. Numrich, 161

Buddhist-Christian-Science Dialogue at the Boundaries
Paul O. Ingram, 165

Respecting the Boundaries of Knowledge: Teaching Christian Discernment with Humility and Dignity, a Response to Paul O. Ingram
Sandra Costen Kunz, 175

Reply to Sandra Costen Kunz’s “Respecting the Boundaries of Knowledge”
Paul O. Ingram, 187

The Awareness of the Natural World in Shinjin: Shinran’s Concept of Jinen
Dennis Hirota, 189

Ignorance, Knowledge, and Omniscience: At and Beyond the Limits of Faith and Reason after Shinran: Reflections on The Boundaries of Knowledge in Buddhism, Christianity, and Science, with Special Attention to Dennis Hirota
Amos Yong, 201

Reply to Amos Yong’s “Ignorance, Knowledge, and Omniscience”
Dennis Hirota, 211

NEWS AND VIEWS edited by Peter A. Huff

Raimon Panikkar (1918–2010): Life and Legacy
J. Abraham Vélez de Cea, 215

The Annual Meeting of the Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies
Sandra Costen Kunz, 221

Buddhists and Christians Engaging Structural Greed Today: A Consultation Addressing a Spiritual and Moral Crisis
Mahinda Deegalle, 225

Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies Frederick J. Streng Book Award 2010, 227

BOOK REVIEWS edited by Alice A. Keefe

Sandra Costen Kunz on Sid Brown, A Buddhist in the Classroom, 231

Gavin D’Costa on Terry Muck and Frances S. Adeney, Christianity Encountering World Religions: The Practice of Mission in the Twenty-first Century, 235

Jeannine Hill Fletcher on Catherine Cornille, The Im-Possibility of Interreligious Dialogue, 238

Ruben Habito on John P. Keenan, with Buster G. Smith, Lansing Davis, and Sydney Copp, Grounding Our Faith in a Pluralist World—With a Little Help from Nāgārjuna, 241

Skip Horton-Parker on Thomas Cattoi, Divine Contingency: Theologies of Divine Embodiment in Maximos and Tsong Kha Pa, 245

Brian Karafin on David R. Loy, Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays, 249

John P. Keenan on Michael Amaladoss, The Asian Jesus, 253

Kristin Beise Kiblinger on Kristin Johnston Largen, What Christians Can Learn from Buddhism: Rethinking Salvation, 257

Katherine M. Pickar on Ulrich Luz and Axel Michaels, Encountering Jesus and Buddha: Their Lives and Teachings, 260

Jonathan Andrew Seitz on Trent Pomplun, Jesuit on the Roof of the World: Ippolito Desideri’s Mission to Tibet, 263

John B. Cobb Jr. on Paul D. Numrich, ed., The Boundaries of Knowledge in Buddhism, Christianity, and Science, 267

Mark D. Wood on David L. McMahan, The Making of Buddhist Modernism, 270

The first performance is on Wednesday, October 26, at 7 pm at the Hawai‘i Okinawa Center (in Waipio). Regular admission is $15; admission for seniors (65 or over) and students is $10. For ticket information, call 676-5400 or e-mail info@huoa.org. The second performance is on Thursday, October 27, at 7:30 pm at Orvis Auditorium (University of Hawai‘i–Mānoa campus). Admission is free. For ticket information, call 956-8246. Copies of Living Spirit: Literature and Resurgence in Okinawa and Voices from Okinawa will be available for purchase at $20 each at both performances. The Cocktail Party was published in Living Spirit, and Mr. Oshiro will be on hand to sign copies of the book.

The Orvis event will include a panel discussion of the humanities issues in the play. This portion of the project is sponsored by the Hawai‘i Council for the Humanities with support from the “We the People” initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Mr. Oshiro will be participating, along with Frank Stewart and Katsunori Yamazato, the editors of Living Spirit.

This is the third in a series of events MANOA Journal has produced with the Manoa Readers/Theatre Ensemble and UHM Outreach College. Other sponsors include the UHM Center for Okinawan Studies, the University of Hawai‘i Japan Studies Endowment, the Manoa Foundation, and the UHM College of Languages, Linguistics, and Literature. Cosponsor of the HOC performance is the Hawai‘i United Okinawan Association.

For information about Mr. Oshiro, Living Spirit, or Voices from Okinawa, please contact Frank Stewart at 956-3070 or write to mjournal-l@lists.hawaii.edu. See http://manoaokinawaissue.wordpress.com/ for further information.