The “Mandate of Heaven”: Mencius and the Divine Command Theory of Political Legitimacy
A. T. Nuyen, 113

Commentators have recently turned their attention to the Confucian notion of the mandate of heaven. The question is: Is the ruler legitimate because Heaven says so, or does Heaven say so because he is qualified as a legitimate ruler (i.e., by the way he benefits the people)? The answer depends on how the notion of mandate of heaven is interpreted. In what might be called the liberal interpretation, the mandate of heaven lies in the will of the people. In what might be called the conservative reading, the mandate to rule lies in a heaven that transcends the people. To subscribe to the latter is to subscribe to what might be called the “Divine Command Theory of political legitimacy,” analogous to the Divine Command Theory of morality. By contrast, the liberal reading of “mandate of heaven” is analogous to the “moral autonomy” position. Mencius’ view on political legitimacy will be discussed in terms of the Divine Command Theory so as to permit a comparison with Kant’s account of moral judgments. It will be argued that Kant manages to avoid being impaled on either horn of the Euthyphro dilemma by grasping both horns. In the same way, Mencius’ view can be read as one that incorporates both the liberal and the conservative positions. It will be argued that such reading is more consistent with textual evidence and renders Mencius’ position more coherent.

Watsuji’s Phenomenology of Embodiment and Social Space
Joel Krueger, 127

This essay situates Tetsurō Watsuji within contemporary approaches to social cognition. It argues for Watsuji’s current relevance, suggesting that his analysis of embodiment and social space puts him in step with some of the concerns driving ongoing treatments of social cognition in philosophy of mind and cognitive science. It is further shown how Watsuji offers a fruitful contribution to this discussion by lending a phenomenologically informed critical perspective. First, some interpretative work is done to explore Watsuji’s conception of embodied intersubjectivity. The focus in particular is on Watsuji’s conception of what is termed here the “hybrid” body as well as his distinctive treatment of interpersonal space—what Watsuji terms “betweenness” (aidagara). Next, these notions are connected to current treatments of social cognition within philosophy of mind and cognitive science. Made explicit are several of the ways that Watsuji challenges the core cognitivist and internalist presuppositions behind the Theory of Mind paradigm, and experimental work is drawn from, among other sources, developmental psychology and gesture studies to support Watsuji’s alternative characterization of embodied social interaction.

What It Means to Interpret: A Standard Formulation and Its Implicit Corollaries in Chinese Buddhism
Tao Jin, 153

This study asks two related questions. First, how did the Chinese Buddhists generally think of the nature of interpretation? Second, how did they address the issue of inconsistency inherent in their answer to the first question? The first answer is straightforward, for the model of “truth, teaching, and interpretation” is widely accepted as the “standard formulation” of the nature of interpretation. This answer, however, has an obvious flaw: if the very reason why teaching requires interpretation lies in its unavoidable dependence on intellection, which obstructs its effective transmission of truth, how can interpretation, which is equally if not more reliant on intellection, adequately transmit the truth in a way in which teaching fails? The second answer thus addresses this inconsistency. It argues that while there has never been an explicitly formulated answer to this question, theoretical reflections on unrelated topics seem to have created a general intellectual atmosphere that would allow people to ignore or at least comfortably live with the obvious inconsistency, that is, an atmosphere that would supplement and, in that sense, justify and sustain the answer to the first question; unformulated but supplementary, such theoretical reflections constitute the implicit corollaries of the standard formulation.

Interpreting the Divyadhvani: On Why the Digambara Sect Is Right about the Nature of the Kevalin
Paul Kabay, 176

One of the issues dividing the Digambara and Śvetāmbara sects of Jainism centers on the nature of the kevalin—where a kevalin is a being that has achieved kevalajñāna or omniscience. According to the Śvetāmbara sect the kevalin continues to act much like a normal human being (eating, preaching, walking, etc.) after his enlightenment. But the Digambara sect denies this. They claim that the kevalin ceases to act at the moment of his enlightenment. Reason is given here for thinking that the Digambara sect is right about the nature of the kevalin. It is argued that the kevalin is a trivialist, that is, someone who believes that everything is the case. According to Graham Priest, precisely because a trivialist believes everything, he is unable to act. Because he believes that a given state of affairs already obtains, the trivialist cannot form the intention to bring about that state of affairs. Why is the kevalin a trivialist? An answer is attempted by raising a paradox in Jain epistemology. According to various doctrinal sources, the kevalin is infallible and omniscient. But the mode of this knowledge is a priori, because the kevalin is causally isolated from the rest of reality. How is it possible for the kevalin to know everything infallibly without there being any connection between himself and the objects of his knowledge? The only solution to this paradox is to postulate that everything is true and that the kevalin believes everything to be true. It is then shown that this trivialist account of Jain epistemology coheres nicely with Jain logic and metaphysics. Given that the kevalin is a trivialist and given the conclusion that the trivialist cannot act, the kevalin cannot act. Therefore, the Digambara sect is right about the nature of the kevalin.

Enacting Selves, Enacting Worlds: On the Buddhist Theory of Karma
Matthew MacKenzie, 194

The concept of karma is one of the most general and basic for the philosophical traditions of India, one of an interconnected cluster of concepts that form the basic presuppositions of Indian philosophy. The focus of this essay is on two interrelated aspects of the Buddhist theory of karma. After some preliminary comments on the general philosophical notion of karma and on the enactivist approach to philosophical psychology, I will explore the distinctively Buddhist idea that through the karmic process we enact ourselves—that is, we make and remake ourselves through our actions. Second, I will discuss the idea that we also enact our world(s) through karma—that is, our patterns of action and reaction bring forth meaningful worlds, which in turn shape those very patterns for better or worse. Finally, I will briefly discuss the character and cultivation of enlightened action, action free from the production of karma.

On Intellectual Skepticism: A Selection of Skeptical Arguments and Ṭūsī’s Criticisms, with Some Comparative Notes
Pirooz Fatoorchi, 213

This essay deals with a selected part of an epistemological controversy provided by Ṭūsī in response to the skeptical arguments reported by Rāzī that is related to what might be called “intellectual skepticism,” or skepticism regarding the judgments of the intellect, particularly in connection with self-evident principles. It will be shown that Rāzī has cited and exposed a position that seems to be no less than a medieval version of empiricism. Ṭūsī, in contrast, has presented us with a position that rejects such empiricism. The comparative aim of this essay is to draw attention to some similarities as well as some points of divergence between the kind of skeptical debate we are focusing on here, and some relevant epistemological discussions in the later traditions in the West.

A Phenomenological Reading of Zhuzi
Jong-Hyun Yeo, 251

Metaphysical and phenomenological features coexist in Zhuzi’s philosophy. However, phenomenological features have so far been concealed; instead, metaphysical features have mainly been the focus. It is shown here that Zhuzi’s philosophy is, to some degree, phenomenological in Husserl’s sense, by breaking from the customary metaphysical reading of Zhuzi and interpreting him in terms of Husserl’s phenomenology. The reason for this is that the realization of the idea of Zhuzi’s philosophy is advantageous, if his philosophy is read phenomenologically rather than metaphysically. The philosophical grounds for this is found in the two “correlations,” one in Zhuzi between li 理 and qi 氣 and the other in Husserl between logical laws and mental acts in logical thinking, without which their philosophies could not have been formed. By showing that the two correlations are parallel in the way of Being and then by interpreting Zhuzi’s mind and gewuzhizhi in terms of Husserl’s phenomenological intentionality of mind and phenomenological reduction, I show that Zhuzi’s philosophy is phenomenological in Husserl’s sense.

Traces of Consequentialism and Non-Consequentialism in Bodhisattva Ethics
Gordon Davis, 275

Barbra Clayton and Charles Goodman have recently proposed interpretations of Mahāyāna philosophy that take its fundamental ethical commitments to be consequentialist. There are aspects of the bodhisattva ideal, however, that result in a distinctive constraint on what might otherwise amount to a commitment to consequentialist maximization. Though the doctrinal provenance of this constraint is unique, the constraint itself is in some ways akin to a feature of Kant’s ideal of the kingdom of ends. This does not make Mahāyāna ethics proto-Kantian, but it does suggest that its complexity does not rule out an analysis in terms of familiar consequentialist and non-consequentialist theoretical elements.

BOOK REVIEWS

Dong Zhongshu: A ‘Confucian’ Heritage and the Chunqiu Fanlu, by Michael Loewe
Reviewed by Paul Fischer, 306

Philosophy in Early Safavid Iran: Najm al-Dīn Maḥmūd al-Nayrīzī and His Writings, by Reza Pourjavady
Reviewed by Janis Eshots, 308

BOOKS RECEIVED

Books Received, 311

Domestic goats, Capra hircus, were intentionally introduced to numerous oceanic islands beginning in the sixteenth century. The remarkable ability of C. hircus to survive in a variety of conditions has enabled this animal to become feral and impact native ecosystems on islands throughout the world. Direct ecological impacts include consumption and trampling of native plants, leading to plant community modification and transformation of ecosystem structure. Although the negative impacts of feral goats are well known and effective management strategies have been developed to control this invasive species, large populations persist on many islands. This review summarizes impacts of feral goats on Pacific island ecosystems and management strategies available to control this invasive species.

Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 10. Iguana iguana, the Green Iguana (Squamata: Iguanidae)
Wilfredo Falcón, James D. Ackerman, Wilnelia Recart, and Curtis C. Daehler, 157–186

Green iguanas (Iguana iguana L.) have been introduced to many locations outside their native range due to both the pet trade and illegal introductions. This has led to the establishment of populations and subsequent spread outside the native range, causing negative impacts. The Pacific region is no exception, where green iguana populations have been reported historically in Hawai‘i and recently in Fiji and Ishigaki Island (Japan). Experience with I. iguana in the Greater Caribbean Basin has taught us that, if the right conditions are present, these reptiles proliferate and expand their range rapidly. We assessed the potential impacts that I. iguana may have on Pacific islands, especially where populations have been reported, and evaluated the risk of a green iguana invasion on Pacific islands using the maximum entropy niche-modeling algorithm (MaxEnt). The model predicted high climatic suitability for these reptiles on many Pacific islands, including those where populations have already been reported. Management and eradication strategies may include (1) targeting males during the reproductive season, when they establish territories and are displaying in trees; (2) finding females during the nesting season, when they are active on the ground and in vegetation at nearby nesting areas; and (3) finding nests and destroying eggs, or constructing artificial nesting areas to lure females. Green iguanas may be captured by hand or by pole-noose, with dogs, or shot with a 0.22 rifle. Where green iguanas are kept as pets, education campaigns are critical to prevent escapes. If possession is illegal, amnesty may be offered to owners who hand them in. Without proper regulation and management, I. iguana is likely to continue spreading and invading other Pacific islands.

Genetic and Morphological Differences among Populations of the Japanese Bush-Warbler (Aves: Sylviidae) on the Ogasawara Islands, Northern Pacific
Naoko Emura, Haruko Ando, Kazuto Kawakami, and Yuji Isagi, 187–196

Cettia diphone diphone is a subspecies of the Japanese Bush-warbler that is endemic to the Bonin and Volcano Islands of the Ogasawara Islands. Although the two island groups are physically distant and have different geological histories, genetic and morphological relationships between the two populations are unknown. A few individuals of an unidentified subspecies have been observed since 2007 on Mukojima of the Bonin Islands. They were possibly wintering birds of another subspecies in light of their song pattern and appearance. We examined the genetic and morphological differences among the Bonin and Volcano populations of C. d. diphone, C. d. cantans, and C. d. sakhalinensis populations and determined the identity of the unidentified subspecies on Mukojima by comparing sequences of the CO1 region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and conducting a canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) using five measurements per bird. Our results indicate that these populations (except C. d. sakhalinensis) are genetically and morphologically different. They did not share any haplotypes of mtDNA and indicated high discrimination rates (over 75%) based on CDA. Because the Volcano population inhabits only one island, it is a priority for conservation. The unidentified individuals on Mukojima Island are not the native subspecies. Migratory individuals might colonize Mukojima due to improved habitat conditions and an available niche. Continuous monitoring of the Mukojima population and its impact on native C. d. diphone is required.

First Successful Introduction of the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) to the United States
Ruby L. Hammond, 197–203

The Golden Pheasant, Chrysolophus pictus (L.), was introduced to Maui, Hawai‘i, as recently as the mid-1990s and has been found at three locations on the windward slope of East Maui between 1,700 and 2,400 m in elevation. I contacted researchers, land managers, and hunting guides who worked in areas inhabited by Golden Pheasants from 1990 through 2012 and compiled their notes to determine the approximate time and location of introduction and range of the species, in addition to investigating the possibility of the establishment of the species on Maui. The species was probably released at Waikamoi Preserve, and detection frequency increased there since the discovery of the species in 1996. Evidence of reproduction during 2010–2011 suggests that a small breeding population is established at Waikamoi Preserve. Since the first detection in 1996, the linear range of the Golden Pheasant expanded to two additional areas, Hanawī Natural Area Reserve and Haleakalā National Park, encompassing a dispersal area of at least 10 km. Total area occupied by Golden Pheasants is estimated at around 40 ha at Waikamoi Preserve and 6.5 ha at Hanawī Natural Area Reserve.

Microhabitat Use in an Assemblage of Native and Introduced Fishes in a Hawaiian Stream
Mark G. McRae, Lori Benson McRae, and J. Michael Fitzsimons, 205–217

Ecological aspects of the relatively diverse fish assemblages found in the terminal reaches of streams in Hawai‘i are largely unknown. This study described patterns of microhabitat use in an assemblage of native and introduced stream fishes living in the terminal reach of Wailoa Stream on the island of Hawai‘i. Multivariate analyses of data collected through underwater visual surveys indicated that differences in microhabitat use were an important factor in structure of this assemblage. In riffle habitats, native fishes selected distinct microhabitats based on water velocity, substrate size, and position in the water column. In run habitats, a benthic guild (native gobies) and a water-column guild (introduced poeciliids and the endemic Kuhlia xenura) were identified. Strong differences in three-dimensional microhabitat use patterns appear to allow native gobioids to resist being displaced by introduced poeciliids in Wailoa Stream. However, high overlap in the microhabitat use patterns of juvenile K. xenura and introduced Poecilia mexicana and Xiphophorus helleri is cause for concern.

Evolution and Biogeographic Origins of the Endemic Hawaiian Genus Hesperomannia (Asteraceae)
Clifford W. Morden and Susan Ching Harbin, 219–235

The endemic Hawaiian genus Hesperomannia A. Gray was investigated to examine relationships among species and to test the hypotheses of dispersal to the Islands over 17 mya. Both nuclear internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess genetic divergence among populations and species. PAUP, Neighbor-Joining, and Bayesian phylogenetic trees were generated to examine species boundaries and relationships. Principal coordinates analysis was used to examine relationships among individuals within populations and genetic distances among populations. Analyses suggest that four species should be recognized: H. lydgatei, H. oahuensis, H. swezeyi, and H. arborescens. Sequence analysis is consistent with arrival to Hawai‘i as recently as the last 2.3 my, after the three main island groups (Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Maui Nui) had emerged, followed by rapid dispersal among them. O‘ahu species are more closely related to each other than either is to the species of Maui Nui as was previously hypothesized. In contrast, Maui Nui plants are not genetically distinct enough to warrant separate species as previously recognized. Long-distance dispersal is evoked for dispersal among distantly situated island groups, but there is no evidence that colonization followed the progression rule model of dispersal among the Islands and may have occurred from younger to older islands. Vicariance is probable within O‘ahu and among the islands of Maui Nui following erosion and subsidence of those islands, and may also explain distribution of species among O‘ahu and Maui Nui. A revised key to and diagnostic descriptions of the species of Hesperomannia are provided.

Phylogenetic Relationships among Endemic Hawaiian Lysimachia (Ericales: Primulaceae): Insights from Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data
Il-Chan Oh, Jürg Schönenberger, Timothy J. Motley, Kendrick L. Marr, Mattias Myrenås, and Arne A. Anderberg, 237–251

Sixteen endemic Hawaiian species of Lysimachia, formerly referred to as subgenus Lysimachiopsis, form a morphologically distinct and monophyletic group within the genus. This group has radiated in various habitats, and most species are endemic to a single island. To reconstruct phylogenetic interrelationships between the recognized taxa, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of 12 species of Lysimachia subgenus Lysimachiopsis using nuclear ribosomal DNA from two (ETS, ITS) and plastid DNA from five markers (rpl16, rpl20-rps12, rps16, trnH-psbA, trnS-G). A Bayesian analysis using all molecular data indicated that there are two major evolutionary lineages of Hawaiian endemic Lysimachia. The results also provide new insights into evolutionary history of the problematic L. hillebrandii/L. remyi complex, showing that L. hillebrandii and L. waianaeensis are closely related but that L. ovoidea is more distantly related and belongs to the other major lineage. Furthermore, L. remyi subsp. remyi and subsp. subherbacea are both closely related to L. maxima, but L. remyi subsp. caliginis and subsp. kipahuluensis belong to the second major lineage. Our results also indicated that earlier taxonomic treatments of the group need to be partially revised to reflect evolutionary relationships. A brief discussion on biogeography of the group is presented. The new combinations Lysimachia kipahuluensis subsp. caliginis and Lysimachia remyi subsp. maxima are made.

Patterns of Flower Visitation across Elevation and Successional Gradients in Hawai‘i
Jonathan B. Koch and Heather F. Sahli, 253–266

Numerous studies have examined foraging strategies of pollinators in continental landscapes, but relatively little is known about island pollinators. We investigated four native plant communities and their potential pollinators on Mauna Loa Volcano on Hawai‘i Island across two environmental gradients: elevation (middle and high) and succession (early and late). The effects of elevation and successional stage on visitation rates and degree of plant specialization were compared. Elevation had a significant effect on visitation rates with plants at mid elevation receiving the most visits, whereas succession had little effect on visitation rates. Both succession and elevation impacted plant specialization, with plants at late-succession and high-elevation sites being more specialized in terms of their diversity of flower visitors. Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) received the most forager visits, even when it was not the most abundant plant flowering. Endemic Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) were the dominant visitors across all sites (64%–91% of visits), and endemic birds were observed only at mid elevation, primarily in the late-succession site. Considering the paucity of natural history studies on Hawaiian Hylaeus, further investigation of their potential role as pollinators of native Hawaiian plants is necessary.

Vegetation of Alejandro Selkirk Island (Isla Masafuera), Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile
Josef Greimler, Patricio López, Karl Reiter, Carlos Baeza, Patricio Peñailillo, Eduardo Ruiz, Patricio Novoa, Alejandro Gatica, and Tod Stuessy, 267–282

We analyzed the vegetation of Alejandro Selkirk Island using the Zürich-Montpellier approach for taking relevés and subsequent classification by a multivariate approach and manual refinement. The resulting vegetation table demonstrates patterns of dominance and variation and the resulting vegetation units that were mapped onto aerial photographs to produce a vegetation map. Additional observations of several inaccessible sectors were gained from photos taken during a boat trip around the island. These results are combined in a colored map that shows the following vegetation units: (1) Dicksonia externa Tree Fern Community (upper montane forest); (2) Lophosoria quadripinnata Fern Community; (3) Fern-Grassland Mosaic; (4) Myrceugenia schulzei Forest (lower montane forest); (5) Anthoxanthum-Nassella Grassland; (6) Coastal Grassland with Juncus procerus; (7) Open Grassland (including Coastal Herb Communities); (8) Rocks, Erosional Zones; and (9) Cultivated and Escaped Plants Near the Settlement. In some cases these units consist of several communities together, often forming mosaic patterns where detailed resolution is not practicable. Unit 7, Open Grassland, has been applied to all areas with a plant cover below 40%, and unit 8, Rocks, Erosional Zones, indicates no or scarce vegetation (cover notably below 10%). Some plant assemblages cannot be shown on the map: (a) the small clusters of Drimys confertifolia; (b) the mostly linearly or patchily arranged Gunnera masafuerae community; (c) several plant assemblages found in the canyons; and (d) the Histiopteris incisa clusters between the tree ferns and tall ferns. We discuss composition of the observed plant communities, especially regarding alien impact, and compare our findings with those on Robinson Crusoe, the largest island of the archipelago.

The Ring Doesn’t Mean a Thing: Molecular Data Suggest a New Taxonomy for Two Pacific Species of Sea Hares (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia, Aplysiidae)
Jennifer Alexander and Ángel Valdés, 283–294

Morphological and molecular data obtained from Hawaiian sea hares identified as Aplysia dactylomela (Rang) and Aplysia pulmonica (Gould) revealed that they belong to the same species. Review of the literature shows that the name A. pulmonica has been used inconsistently, but the specimens we examined match the original description of the species. Two other closely related species, Aplysia kurodai (Baba) and Aplysia oculifera (Adams & Reeve), are distinct. In addition, Caribbean specimens of A. dactylomela are genetically and morphologically distinct from Indo-Pacific A. dactylomela. Because the name A. dactylomela was introduced for Atlantic specimens, it is here proposed that the name Aplysia argus (Rüppell & Leuckart) should be used for Indo-Pacific sea hares previously identified as A. dactylomela.

Rapid Reproductive Analysis and Length-Dependent Relationships of Lutjanus biguttatus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) from Papua New Guinea
Ken Longenecker, Ross Langston, and Holly Bolick, 295–301

We describe a simple, inexpensive method for field-based histological analysis of fish gonads, and we used this method to describe the reproductive biology of the small snapper Lutjanus biguttatus from a remote area in Papua New Guinea (i.e., where laboratory equipment is limited and electrical service is lacking). We estimate male L₅₀ at 13 cm FL and female L₅₀ at 17 cm FL. Sex ratio is not significantly different from 1:1. There is no evidence for hermaphroditism. Fork length is a linear function of total length, FL = −0.1823 + 0.9647(TL), and weight is a cubic function of fork length, W = 0.0129(FL)^3.0049. This information was generated during a 2-week period when the majority of our time was occupied by fish surveys. Our analyses were limited by availability of specimens (not processing time); therefore the methods we employed can help fill one of the information voids that preclude life-history-based management of coral-reef fishes.

Northern Distribution of the Seaweed Limpet Lottia insessa (Mollusca: Gastropoda) along the Pacific Coast
Evelyne S. L. Kuo and Eric Sanford, 303–313

The marine seaweed limpet Lottia insessa (Hinds) is a habitat specialist on the kelp Egregia menziesii along the northeastern Pacific coast. The geographic range of L. insessa is commonly reported to extend from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico, but the northern distribution of this limpet has been poorly documented. We examined L. insessa specimens from museum collections and surveyed distribution of this species in the field. Results indicate that this species is common in California but is rarely found farther north. Some museum specimens collected from northern localities were misidentified individuals of other limpet species. The northern limit to continuous distribution of persistent L. insessa populations ends at Cape Arago in southern Oregon, a known biogeographic boundary for a variety of marine species. We suggest that individuals occasionally found in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska may have been vagrants that were transported to those locations during anomalous oceanographic events such as El Niño−Southern Oscillations, a phenomenon that has also been observed in other marine organisms. This study clarifies location of the northern range boundary of L. insessa and provides baseline data on its current distributional patterns, which are important for assessing effects of climate change on potential range shifts in the future.

Association Affairs
315

Special Feature: Contemporary Korean Science Fiction

Haerin Shin
The Curious Case of South Korean Science Fiction: A Hyper-Technological Society’s Call for Speculative Imagination, 81

Kim Kyung-uk
Young Hearts Never Grow Old, 87

Kim Jung-hyuk
1F/B1, 111

Park Min-gyu
Road Kill, 135

Bae Myung Hoon
Art and the Acceleration of Gravity, 157

Han Yujoo
Is It Gravitation? Is It Repulsion?, 179

Images

Kim Young Jin
Hong Gildong P’ilsabon
Images

Fiction

Koh Jongsok
Excerpts from Tokko Chun, 13

Seo Hajin
At the Gunwale, 51

Special Feature: Hong Gildong

Minsoo Kang
Introduction to the Story of Hong Gildong, 221
The Story of Hong Gildong, 229

Minsoo Kang
Introduction to Shin Dong Wu’s Hong Gildong, 325

Shin Dong Wu
Comics: Hong Gildong, 328

Poetry

Moon In-soo
Five Poems, 45
(The Restaurant Chair; The Moon Drum; The Utmost End; The Lighthouse; Umbilical Cord)

Ko Hyŏng-ryŏl
Five Poems, 75
(Love; Like a Peng; No-Coverage Zone; To Poem That’s In No Way Quiet; By All Means, Grow Old Like Tree Roots! Self-portrait)

Choi Young-mi
Five Poems, 199
(11 O’Clock Sunday Morning; Dreams of Four Seasons; Seoul, June 2008; In the Subway: Yellow October; To Pigs)

2012 Sejong Writing Competition

Sijo Division Winners, 389
Winners, Hollister Rhone, Mary Liza Hartong, Alice Ra

Korean Literature from the Outside

Mo Yan
After Reading Selected Short Stories of South Chosŏn, 209

Another Perspective

David R. McCann
Kim Chi Ha’s Messed-Up Poems, 357

Rob Wilson
Waking to Global Capitalism in Seoul: Situating Korean Studies in the World, 371

Image Index, 391

Notes on Contributors

Contributors, 392

Articles

The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Manila Bay Chabacano-Speaking Communities
Marivic Lesho and Eeva Sippola, pp. 1–30

This study is an assessment of the vitality of the Manila Bay Chabacano varieties spoken in Cavite City and Ternate, Philippines. These Spanish-lexified creoles have often been described as endangered, but until now there has been no systematic description of how stable the varieties are. The evaluation of the vitality of Manila Bay Chabacano is made based on participant observation and interviews conducted in both communities over the past nine years, using the UNESCO (2003) framework. Comparison between the two varieties shows that the proportional size of the speech community, degree of urbanization, and proximity to Manila account for differences in the vitality of the creoles. In rural Ternate, Chabacano is more stable in terms of intergenerational transmission and the proportion of speakers to the overall community. In the more urban Cavite City, most speakers are of the grandparental generation, but the community is more organized in its language preservation efforts. This study sheds light on two creole varieties in need of further documentation and sociolinguistic description, as well as the status of minority languages in the Philippines. It also offers a critical assessment of a practically-oriented methodological framework and demonstrates its application in the field.

Language Management and Minority Language Maintenance in (Eastern) Indonesia: Strategic Issues
I Wayan Arka, pp. 74–105

This paper discusses strategic issues in language “management” (Spolsky 2009; Jennudd and Neustupný 1987) and its complexity in relation to the maintenance of minority languages in contemporary Indonesia. Within Indonesia it is argued that language can be managed and that it should be managed as part of a national language policy framework (among other means). This is especially pertinent in the case of threatened minority languages. The discussion focuses on how categorizing an issue as either a “threat” or an “opportunity” has affected the priorities and the motivations in strategic decisions and implementations of language policies in Indonesia. These labels have symbolic and instrumental values, and both can be potentially exploited to achieve positive outcomes for language survival. However, the complexity and uncertainty of the problems in dealing with minority languages and their speech communities call for a sophisticated interdisciplinary model of language management. The problems will be illustrated using cases from (eastern) Indonesia, showing how Categorization (Cognitive) Theory and Organisational Theory (Rosch 1978; Rosch and Mervis 1975; Dutton & Jackson 1981) are useful for conceptualizing strategic issues by decision makers at different levels—individuals, families, traditional organizations (adat), and government institutions.

The Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program Down Under: Experience and Adaptation in an Australian Context
Knut Olawsky, pp. 41–63

The Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program (MALLP or MAP; cf. Hinton 2001) has found worldwide attention in recent years and has been attested as a valuable instrument in language revitalisation far beyond the borders of North America. In 2009, a pilot project based on this model started for the Miriwoong language in Northwestern Australia, and has since developed into a successful and expanding strategy which could ultimately lead to a wider application on a nationwide scale. This article describes the various adaptive measures used to reflect the specific needs of the local language community and suggests that similar techniques will be useful for application in other communities. An adaptation of the MAP model in Australia may consider factors such as gender, kinship and other aspects of traditional cultural protocol, as well as some other deviations from the original model. An addition to the program which has proven useful for Miriwoong is the introduction of assessment strategies. These do not only assist in reflecting strengths and weaknesses in participants but can be essential as a tool for reporting requirements. Based on the positive outcomes of the MAP approach for the Miriwoong community, including the adjustments made, the model is recommended for application on a larger scale for other parts of Australia and perhaps beyond.

Technology Reviews

EXMARaLDA
Reviewed by Cordula Meißner and Adriana Slavcheva, pp. 31–40

Book Reviews

A Dictionary of Kalam with Ethnographic Notes, by Andrew Pawley and Ralph Bulmer
Reviewed by John Lynch, pp. 64–67

New Perspectives on Endangered Languages, by José Antonio Flores Farfán and Fernando Ramallo
Reviewed by Naomi Nagy, pp. 68–73

Re-awakening Languages: Theory and Practice in the Revitalisation of Australia’s Indigenous Languages, by John Hobson, Kevin Lowe, Susan Poetsch, and Michael Walsh
Reviewed by Wesley Y. Leonard, pp. 106–113

ARTICLES

In Remembrance: Dr. Julia Swindells
Margaretta Jolly, 587

Witness or False Witness: Metrics of Authenticity, Collective I-Formations, and the Ethic of Verification in First-Person Testimony
Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson, 590

One possible response to allegations of hoaxing that surround the contemporary traffic in witness narratives is to re-theorize issues central to testimonial narration. Rather than arguing that the truth or falsity of witness narratives can be definitively determined, we complicate the transparency of the first-person narrator in testimony and the claim of authenticity that has become the guarantor of that subject position. To do so, we explore how the effect of authenticity is produced by certain “metrics,” and how differing “I”-formations—here, composite, coalitional, translated, and negotiated—generate the aura of authenticity a text projects, as well as the imagined relation of readers to personal stories of witness. After tracking the metrics of authenticity in four exemplary texts—“Souad”’s Burned Alive, the Sangtin Collective’s Playing with Fire, Ishmael Beah’s A Long Way Gone, and Dave Eggers’s What is the What?—we suggest an alternative reading practice to “rescue” the reading often associated with testimonial narratives.

Shameful, Impure Art: Robert Crumb’s Autobiographical Comics and the Confessional Poets
Edward Shannon, 627

Cartoonist Robert Crumb’s work echoes confessional poetry. Crumb, John Berryman, and Sylvia Plath metaphorically adopt the personae of oppressed minority figures. Along with this identification with the oppressed other, Crumb and Plath exhibit a curious and disquieting relationship with power and oppression.

“No Possessions but Rages”: Vindication, Salvation, and Early Kentucky Prison Letters
Joe Lockard, 650

Testimonies of salvation, popular in contemporary faith-based prison programming, have a lengthy history in US prison literature. Yet accounts of private spirituality can as easily frame an epistemic insufficiency of topical avoidance, concealment, and falsification. To illustrate the pitfalls of such narratives the paper historicizes and analyzes the unpublished 1793–94 prison letters of John Shaw, held in a Kentucky jail for seven years on unknown grounds. By claiming a divine mantle in his letters, Shaw avoids confronting himself. While he writes that he has laid his “soul naked” before readers, in fact he does the opposite and obscures himself. This double motion—both to participate in the world and to hide from it—relies on fabulation and a vindication narrative based on Christian faith.

The Public Time of Private Space in Dior by Dior
Ilya Parkins and Lara Haworth, 668

This essay reads the life writing of major French fashion designer Christian Dior as an extended meditation on the challenging relationship between public persona and intimate selfhood for a celebrity fashion designer. Dior works through the tension between public and private by referring it to a complex nexus of space and time; his narration of his life through the lens of his childhood homes suggests not only a spatial orientation but a fraught relationship to the past. Dior’s characteristic reflections on space and time reveal him to be a nostalgic subject, but by theorizing nostalgia as a creative mnemonic mode, we challenge understandings of him as excessively conservative in his tastes and designs. Ultimately, Dior’s constellation of space and time points to new methodological tools for understanding fashion designers and their celebrity.

Annual Bibliography of Works about Life Writing, 2011–2012
Phyllis E. Wachter and Aiko Yamashiro, 690

REVIEWED ELSEWHERE
Excerpts from recent reviews of biographies, autobiographies, and other works of interest, 834

CONTRIBUTORS, 878

INDEX TO VOLUME 35 (2012), 880

About the Artists: The Jaki-Ed Collective, vii

ARTICLES

How Can Traditional Knowledge Best Be Regulated? Comparing a Proprietary Rights Approach with a Regulatory Toolbox Approach
Miranda Forsyth, 1

Abstract: Traditional knowledge is increasingly being seen as a potential source of economic value in the Pacific Islands region. As a result of this, and a belief that traditional knowledge is currently at risk in a number of respects, a move to protect it has developed over the past decade. This move has largely focused on the creation, through legislation, of a sui generis inalienable and perpetual property right in traditional knowledge, vested in its “owners” or “holders.” However, to date, very little attention has been paid to the issue of determining who these owners or holders should be. The first part of this article seeks to fill this gap by highlighting the institutional and normative issues implicated in any legislation that envisages group ownership over traditional knowledge. The second part proposes an alternative approach to the regulation of traditional knowledge, one that is not based on the creation of new proprietary rights. It argues that this alternative “regulatory toolbox” approach can achieve the same objectives for the protection of traditional knowledge that have been articulated in the push for the development of sui generis legislation, while avoiding many of the potential sites of conflict inherent in such an approach.
Keywords: traditional knowledge, regulation, ownership, community, customary law

Looking Good: The Cultural Politics of the Island Dress for Young Women in Vanuatu
Maggie Cummings, 33

Abstract: In this article, I explore the contingent and contested boundaries of looking good for young women in Vanuatu and the ways in which they negotiate these boundaries. I use women’s dress as a lens through which to focus on the relationships among gender, modernity, race, and morality, and I show the ways in which all four are condensed and embodied in the moral and aesthetic imperative for women to look good. In particular, I focus on the island dress, a dress first introduced by missionaries but taken up after independence as an emblem of national pride and as the traditional dress for women. Although wearing the island dress is the commonsense way for women to look good, the young women with whom I conducted fieldwork in 2001–2002 and again in 2008 and 2011 experienced a great deal of ambivalence about the dress. They often preferred to wear trousers and t-shirts, which frequently won them the disapproval of their elders. By focusing on the polyvalent meanings of the island dress, the realities of young people’s everyday lives in the capital, and the uneven terrain of the dress-scape of Vanuatu, I show that young women’s love/hate relationship with island dress reflects their frustration with their ambiguous place in the contemporary national imaginary.
Keywords: gender, Vanuatu, race, dress, national identity, morality, modernity

“I Guess They Didn’t Want Us Asking Too Many Questions”: Reading American Empire in Guam
Valerie Solar Woodward, 67

Abstract: This article analyzes Chris Perez Howard’s biography of his mother, Mariquita: A Tragedy of Guam, and selections from Craig Santos Perez’s poetry book from unincorporated territory: [hacha] and explores their responses to the continued colonization of Guam by the United States. While these two authors use the same events, namely World War II and the multiple military occupations of their home island, to reflect on the contemporary situation in Guam, I claim that the United States is able to continue its colonization of Guam through the twin practices of denying its own imperial practices and ignoring the pleas of native activists. The United States is partially able to accomplish its denial by using a memorialization of rescue from coercive and repressive colonizers who are portrayed in contrast with its own “benevolent” stewardship of the island. This rhetoric of liberation has been one of the acceptable forms of narrative for past authors, but contemporary authors and activists are beginning to explore other forms of discourse.

Both Perez and Howard use metaphors of the body in order to explore the disjointed nature of Guam’s relationship to the continental United States. Howard portrays the dependent position of Guam through the metaphor of the willing and submissive female body of his mother, whereas Perez attempts to reclaim an independent body and nation that is continually under siege from the United States and its military ambitions. Despite their stylistic differences, these two authors both claim recognition for Guam and its peoples.
Keywords: US imperialism, World War II, Guam, Chamorro, military, literary analysis, the body

RESOURCES

Pacific Research Protocols from the University of Otago
compiled and edited by Judy Bennett, Mark Brunton, Jenny Bryant-Tokalau, Faafetai Sopoaga, Naomi Weaver, and Gary Witte, with an introduction by Stuart Dawrs, 95

POLITICAL REVIEWS

Micronesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012
David W Kupferman, Kelly G Marsh, Donald R Shuster, Tyrone J Taitano, 128

Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012
Lorenz Gonschor, Hapakuke Pierre Leleivai, Margaret Mutu, Forrest Wade Young, 151

BOOK AND MEDIA REVIEWS

Cultures of Commemoration: The Politics of War, Memory, and History in the Mariana Islands, by Keith L Camacho
Reviewed by Craig Santos Perez, 190

The Testimony Project: Papua, edited by Charles E Farhadian
Reviewed by Eben Kirksey, 192

Changing Contexts, Shifting Meanings: Transformations of Cultural Traditions in Oceania, edited by Elfriede Hermann
Reviewed by Matt Tomlinson, 195

From Modern Production to Imagined Primitive: The Social World of Coffee from Papua New Guinea, by Paige West
Reviewed by Larry Lake, 197

Sun Come Up, directed by Jennifer Redfearn [documentary]
Reviewed by David Lipset, 199

Trading Nature: Tahitians, Europeans, and Ecological Exchange, by Jennifer Newell
Reviewed by Zakea Boeger, 201

Le paradis autour de Paul Gauguin, by Viviane Fayaud
Reviewed by Tate LeFevre, 203

Second Skins: Painted Barkcloth from New Guinea and Central Africa [exhibition]
Reviewed by Dan Taulapapa McMullin, 206

Once Were Pacific: Māori Connections to Oceania, by Alice Te Punga Somerville
Reviewed by Erin Suzuki, 207

Ua Mau Ke Ea, Sovereignty Endures: An Overview of the Political and Legal History of the Hawaiian Islands, by David Keanu Sai
Reviewed by Kūhiō Vogeler, 210

Polynesians in America: Pre-Columbian Contacts with the New World, edited by Terry L Jones, Alice A Storey, Elizabeth A Matisoo-Smith, and José-Miguel Ramírez-Aliaga
Reviewed by Carlos Mondragón, 212

Contributors
217

Editor’s Note, vii

FICTION

Where We Don’t Want to Live
Quan Barry, 1

Visitation
Sukrita Paul Kumar, 45

Death in Prison
Zhang Yihe, 109

Step Up and Whistle
Andrew Lam, 136

Sasa in the Rain
Thersa Matsuura, 148

Little People
A Yi, 158

from Given
Susan Musgrave, 169

In the Garden
Jose Y. Dalisay Jr., 176

ESSAY

Garpon La’s Offerings
Woeser, 98

Choosing Burden
Phil Choi, 127

MEMOIR

The Snow of Memory
Mutsuo Takahashi, 30

POETRY

Two Poems
Thitsar Ni, 18

Two Poems
Khin Aung Aye, 20

Two Poems
Tin Moe, 22

Six Poems
Melissa Kwasny, 51

Two Poems
Naomi Long, 90

Four Poems
Chen Dongdong, 93

Three Poems
Tess Gallagher, 119

Four Poems
W. S. Di Piero, 123

DRAMA

Dog and Wolf
Catherine Filloux, 57

About the Contributors, 181

Kudiyattam performance by
Arya Madhavan.
(Photo: Subhash Kumarapuram)

From the Editor, iii

MALAY THEATRE TODAY

Innovation for Survival? Dama Orchestra’s Butterfly Lovers—The Musical on a Contemporary Multiracial Malaysian Stage
Loo Fung Ying and Loo Fung Chiat, 339

Dama Orchestra in Malaysia has transformed through the implant of theatrical elements as exemplified by Butterfly Lovers—The Musical staged in 2006. This concert orchestra of the Chinese diaspora has grown into a musical theatre production company with regular full-house audiences for a series of productions of between ten and twenty shows a year. As composers and music arrangers working with the production team, the authors are participant observers of the work. This paper elucidates how the group responds to local demands, popular culture, and the tide of globalization to develop a modern Malaysian Chinese musical for Kuala Lumpur’s contemporary multiracial stage.

Loo Fung Ying, senior lecturer at the Cultural Centre, University of Malaya, is also a local composer and music arranger in Malaysia. Her research interest includes ethnomusicology and the application of tai chi to the physicality of music performance.

Loo Fung Chiat, senior lecturer at the Department of Music, Universiti Putra Malaysia, is also a local composer and music arranger in Malaysia. Her publications focus on audience study, music analysis, and performance practice.

Kee Thuan Chye’s Political Plays: An Analysis
Susan Philip, 357
In Malaysia, most forms of public expression are subject to control in the form of licensing laws and censorship. Despite this, the theatre in English has managed to develop a quite openly critical political voice. One of Malaysia’s most openly and stridently political playwrights is Kee Thuan Chye. This paper traces the trajectory of development in Kee’s political thinking, as evidenced in his four major plays, to show a deeper, more inclusive engagement with the state of the nation.

Susan Philip is an associate professor with the English Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Malaya. Her area of interest is the English-language theatres of Malaysia and Singapore, and she has published several articles and book chapters on this subject.

Revisiting Pencak Silat: The Malay Martial Arts in Theatre Practice and Actor Training
Zainal Abdul Latiff, 379
The Malay martial art of pencak silat is an important source of traditional acting technique. During the colonial period and postcolonial modernization, Western models of theatre replaced traditional performance, and the physical technique of theatre was largely modeled on Western acting: the importance of the text ascended and the realistic representation of life predominated. This resulted in adopting psychological acting styles and neglecting the martial tradition as a significant resource for actor training. Experiments in revitalization undertaken by the author since the 1970s will be detailed. The rationale for the revival of pencak silat as actor training is based on its vital position in the productions of bangsawan (Malay Opera), purbawara (history play), and the experimental plays of Malaysia’s National Laureate Noordin Hassan (the only playwright awarded this prestigous literary award for his contribution to Malay Literature), Syed Alwi, and Ismail Kassan.

Zainal Abdul Latiff is an emeritus associate professor of drama and theatre at the School of Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia, in Penang, where he taught from 1979 to 2005. He practices the martial style of Silat Kuntau Harimau Jawa and has also studied Silat Lok 9, Silat Gayong Fatani, Silat Sendeng, and Tari Silat Pahang. He has conducted bangsawan workshops with renowned masters Pak Alias and Mak Minah; directed realistic plays of Mustapha Kamil Yassin, Hatta Azad Khan, and Usman Awang using pencak silat; and used it in directing in two randai plays (Putri Nilam Sari [Princess Nilam Sari] and Sabai nan Aluih [The Refined Sabai]) for the Malaysian Minister of Culture’s project to revive randai in Negeri Sembilan. He is a research fellow at the Cultural Centre University of Malaya.

Malaysian Theatre Resources
Nancy Nanney, 402
This bibliography presents a selection of materials in English about Malaysian theatre, with an emphasis on modern drama. Included are articles, chapters in books, encyclopedia entries, DVDs, books, Malay plays translated into English, English-language plays, and additional resources. This material was initially prepared for the Association for Asian Performance roundtable titled “Current Resources for Teaching Asian Theatre—An Evaluation” at the 2004 Association for Theatre in Higher Education Conference in Toronto. The listing was updated in 2011.

Nancy Nanney is a professor in the Education and Humanities Division at West Virginia University at Parkersburg. She earned a BA in philosophy from Stanford University and a PhD in drama and theatre from the University of Hawai‘i. Her doctoral research was published in book form as An Analysis of Modern Malay Drama (1992). She taught in Korea for three years (Chongju University) and in Malaysia for nearly twelve years (MARA Institute of Technology and International Islamic University Malaysia). She supervised and directed student plays at all three institutions. She then served for ten years as humanities chair at West Virginia University at Parkersburg, where, in addition to teaching a variety of literature, drama, and writing courses, she is currently an active member of the college’s internationalization committee. She has continued to research Malaysian literature and drama as well as other international literature and drama subjects.

MALAY THEATRE TODAY—FORUM ON MAK YONG 2003–2011

Staging Raja Tangkai Hati at Istana Budaya: Modernizing Malaysian Mak Yong
Kathy Foley and Sabzali Musa Kahn, 419
Kathy Foley is editor of Asian Theatre Journal and teaches at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The Cultural Centre, University of Malaya, and the Arts Research Institute of UCSC supported work for this report.

Dr. Sabzali Musa Kahn is scenic artist whose work on modern and traditional theatre has been seen at the National Theatre of Malaysia and other venues. He is the deputy director of undergraduate studies at Cultural Centre of the University of Malaya, where he teaches on visual art and scenic design.

Reviewing Makyung Dewa Indera, Indera Dewa
Elezaa Zainuddin, 437

This performance report of Makyung Dewa Indera, Indera Dewa by Lambang Sari, directed and scripted by Fatimah Abdullah at Istana Budaya (National Theatre), Kuala Lumpur, on 18 June 2011 revealed numerous changes in design, personnel, and intent from traditional mak yong work.

Elezaa Zainuddin studied industrial design and has worked at Cultural Centre of University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur as a cultural officer and then lecturer with expertise in arts management and marketing and costume, makeup, and visual arts. Malay traditional textiles, clothing, and handicrafts and their cultural context are her additional research areas.

Report: The Mak Yong Spiritual Dance Heritage Conference, Performances, and Workshops
Zulkifli Mohamad, 445
This report notes the papers and performances on Malaysian, Thai, and Indonesian mak yong presented in the 2011 conference. It argues that historically Kelantan, Malaysia, and Pattani, Thailand, understandings of the form are shared. National borders inset in the colonial period and cultural politics of contemporary Southeast Asia have altered and divided the form.

Zulkifli Mohamad is a performer, choreographer, director, arts writer, and educator. He was trained in traditional performance. His gained his doctorate in cultural management and did postdoctoral work in cultural studies. His creative work and research has been supported by British Council, Australia High Commission, Goethe Institute. He has won an Asia Fellow Award (2002), Rockefeller Southeast Asian Islamic Scholar’s Award (2003), and a Fulbright Grant (2010).

MALAY THEATRE TODAY—PERFORMANCE REVIEW

The Secret Life of Nora. Produced by Enfiniti Vision Media Productions
reviewed by Zulkifli Mohamad, 461

ARTICLES

Revitalizing Arja in Globalized Bali
I Wayan Dibia, 466
The author has produced three new arja: Meeting in Tampaksiring (Katemu Ring Tampaksiring, 2004), King Adhipusengara (Prabu Adhipusengara, 2006), and Rape of Sukreni (Sukreni Gadis Bali, 2008). While keeping the essential elements of arja intact, each production shows significant aesthetic changes and theatrical innovations, intended to prevent arja from disappearing in globalized Bali.

I Wayan Dibia is a professor at the Indonesia Institute of the Arts (Institute Seni Indonesia [ISI]) in Denpasar, Bali. He has created numerous new dances, and published articles and books on Balinese performing arts.

Ali Nassirian and a Modern Iranian “National” Theatre
Behzad Ghaderi Sohi and Masoud Ghorbaninejad, 495
Ali Nassirian (b. 1935), now a celebrity in Iranian cinema, was preoccupied, during the 1950s to the 1970s, with the idea of creating a theatre, and supplying it with a repertoire, which would be rooted in Iranian folklore and indigenous theatrical forms. His oeuvre includes thirteen plays, most of which draw, partly or extensively, on Iranian popular improvisatory forms. This article discusses the context, possibilities, and limitations of Nassirian’s one-man crusade to launch a “national” theatre based on indigenous roots, especially at a historical moment when Iran—at the brink of entering a new socioeconomic phase which we may call the “South” social formation—was forced to adopt a hurried, hence “lopsided,” version of North Atlantic modernity in the form of statist modernization programs.

Behzad Ghaderi Sohi is an associate professor of dramatic literature at Erciyes State University, Kayseri, Turkey (since February 2012) and was formerly a senior lecturer at the University of Tehran, Iran. He has taught and published on Ibsen, British (Romantic and postmodern), and American as well as Iranian drama and theatre. He is also a noted translator of plays into Persian.

Masoud Ghorbaninejad is currently pursuing a PhD in English at Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.

Memorializing Colonialism: Images of the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia in Japanese Popular Theatre
Peter Steele, 528
This article explores representations of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in two examples of Japanese popular theatre. The first example is from a Takarazuka production that pre-dates the occupation by less than a year and thus aims to quell public anxieties about Japan’s impending colonial aggression. The second occurs sixty years later in a play that tells the story of a doomed romance between a Japanese soldier and an Indonesian dancer. The following essay explores ways in which each production uses Indonesian cultural imagery within a larger framework that presents pan-Asian identity as an aspect of Japanese nationalist ideology.

Peter Steele is a PhD candidate in ethnomusicology at Wesleyan University. He is an avid performer of Indonesian gamelan music. He has performed with groups throughout the United States, Canada, Japan, and Indonesia. His dissertation focuses on intercultural performance and Balinese music.

Eyescape: Aesthetics of “Seeing” in Kudiyattam
Arya Madhavan, 550
This essay enquires the link between the actor’s eyes, imagination, and the temporal experience of perception in performance. This enquiry is strongly grounded within the aesthetics and praxis of kudiyattam, which is the oldest of the Indian (Sanskrit) theatre forms. Here, the actor’s eyes are treated as a significant category in performance that mediates the generation and perception of images, within both the actor and the spectator.

Arya Madhavan is a lecturer in drama at the Lincoln School of Performing Arts, University of Lincoln, UK. A trained performer of kudiyattam, Madhavan’s work is focused on analysing the contemporary relevance of kudiyattam and reassessing its performance techniques from the perspective of performance studies. She is the author of the book titled Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor’s Consciousness (2010).

MEDIA REVIEW

Leonard Pronko and Jack Coogan, Kabuki For the West. DVD.
reviewed by Holly A. Blumner, 571

BOOK REVIEWS

Andrew Killick, In Search of Korean Traditional Opera: Discourses Of Ch’anggŭk
reviewed by Areum Jeong, 574

Gèrard Toffin, La Fête-spectacle: Théâtre et rite au Nepal (The Festival Performance: Theatre and Ritual of Nepal)
reviewed by Kathy Foley, 576

Daniel Mroz, The Dancing Word: An Embodied Approach to the Preparation of Performers and the Composition of Performances
reviewed by Zainal Abdul Latiff, 577

Graham Ley and Sarah Dadswell, eds., British South Asian Theatres: A Documented History
reviewed by Kathy Foley, 580

Michael Walling and Roe Lane, The Orientations Trilogy: Theatre and Gender: Asia and Europe
reviewed by Kathy Foley, 582

BOOKS RECEIVED

Books Received, 585

Color Insert follows page 462

Updates on Archives of Asian Art
Stanley K. Abe, iv

Behind the Scenes at Archives: An Appreciation of Naomi Noble Richard
Marsha Haufler and John M. Rosenfield, 1

Foreword to James Cahill article
Jerome Silbergeld, 5

Xieyi in the Zhe School? Some Thoughts on the Huai’an Tomb Paintings
James Cahill, 7

Artist unknown (late Yuan or early Ming dynasty, 14th c.?). Reading at a Window Beneath Pines. Section of a handscroll. From Huai’an, pl. 1.

One or Two, Repictured
Kristina Kleutghen, 25

Different views of One or Two. Upper portion: Anonymous. One or Two (Plum
Screen version). 1780. Palace Museum, Beijing.
Lower portion: (L) Anonymous. One or Two (Nārāyaṇa’s Cave version).
Qianlong reign-period (1736–1795). Palace Museum, Beijing.
(R) Anonymous. One or Two (Plum Screen version). 1780. Palace Museum, Beijing.

Kim Hongdo’s Sandalwood Garden: A Self-Image of a Late-Chosŏn Court Painter
Jiyeon Kim, 47

Chŏng Hwang. Gathering at the Gable of Ease and Peace. 1789. Chosŏn dynasty. Private collection, Korea.

Votive Paintings of the Kabuki Actors Ichikawa Danjūrō at Naritasan Shinshōji Temple
Hilary K. Snow, 69

Attrib. Honmakiya Mantarō (early 19th c.). Shibaraku (Wait a Moment). 1823. Naritasan Reikō kan.

Pulitzer Foundation Workshop
Stanley K. Abe, 81

On November 10 and 11, 2011, the Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts in St. Louis sponsored a workshop in which twelve graduate students and four professors of Asian art history commented on the context of objects in the Foundation’s exhibition “Reflections of the Buddha” (9 September 2011–10 March 2012). Many of the participants were not familiar with this exhibition of Buddhist art or the Foundation and its Tadao Andō–designed headquarters and exhibition space opened in 2001. However, the workshop raised many questions of context and meaning that should be of great interest to students, scholars, and curators of Asian art. Hence this publication of short reports from participants in the workshop: Phillip Bloom, Marsha Haufler, Katherine Brooks, Catherine Becker, and Stanley K. Abe.

Art of Asia Acquired by North American Museums, 2010–2011
105

Attributed to the ‘‘Stipple Master’’ (active ca. 1692–ca. 1715). A Monumental Portrait of a Monkey. India, Rajasthan, Mewar, Udaipur. Ca. 1705–1710. The Art Institute of Chicago.